Signalling, Metabolic Pathways and Iron Homeostasis in Endothelial Cells in Health, Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of the Endothelial Function
1.2. Endothelial Response to Flow
1.3. Flow Mechanosensors in Endothelial Cells
2. Angiogenesis in Development and Diseases
2.1. Drivers of Angiogenesis
2.2. Sprouting in Angiogenesis
2.3. VEGF as a Therapeutic Target in Pathological Angiogenesis
3. Neuropilin-1 Signalling in Endothelial Cells
3.1. Neuropilin-1-Dependent Semaphorin Signallings
3.2. Role of Neuropilin-1 in VEGF Signalling
3.3. VEGF-Independent Role of Neuropilin-1 in Angiogenesis
3.4. Role of Neuropilin-1 in Integrin and TGFβ-Mediated Signals
4. Metabolism and Endothelial Function
4.1. Glycolytic Flux and Angiogenesis
4.2. 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Biphosphatase (PFKFB3) in Physiological and Pathological Angiogenesis
4.3. Aerobic, Anaerobic Respiration and Mitochondria Homeostasis in ECs
4.4. Biosynthetic Pathways and Anaplerosis Modulate Endothelial Function
5. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
5.1. Mitochondrial ROS Production and Detoxification
5.2. ROS: Double-Edged Modulators of Endothelial Function
6. Neuropilin-1 and ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 8 (ABCB8): Two Modulators of Mitochondrial Function in ECs
6.1. ABC Transporters
6.2. ABCB8
7. Iron Metabolism and Homeostasis
7.1. Role of Endothelial Cells in Iron Metabolism
7.2. Effects of Iron Levels on Endothelial Function
8. Role of EC Dysfunction in Pathology
8.1. Atherosclerosis
8.1.1. Role of Iron in Atherosclerosis
8.1.2. Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
8.2. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
8.2.1. Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Alzheimer’s Disease
8.2.2. The Role of Iron in Alzheimer’s Disease
8.2.3. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Alzheimer’s Disease
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bosseboeuf, E.; Raimondi, C. Signalling, Metabolic Pathways and Iron Homeostasis in Endothelial Cells in Health, Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease. Cells 2020, 9, 2055. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092055
Bosseboeuf E, Raimondi C. Signalling, Metabolic Pathways and Iron Homeostasis in Endothelial Cells in Health, Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease. Cells. 2020; 9(9):2055. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092055
Chicago/Turabian StyleBosseboeuf, Emy, and Claudio Raimondi. 2020. "Signalling, Metabolic Pathways and Iron Homeostasis in Endothelial Cells in Health, Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease" Cells 9, no. 9: 2055. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9092055