Schwann Cell-Like Cells: Origin and Usability for Repair and Regeneration of the Peripheral and Central Nervous System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Schwann Cell Development and Homeostasis
1.2. PNS Injury
1.3. CNS Injury
1.4. SC Transplantation
1.4.1. SC Transplantation in the PNS
1.4.2. SC Transplantation in the CNS
1.5. Biomaterial/Scaffolds
1.6. Immunosuppression Following PNI and SCI
2. Origin and Therapeutic Effects of Schwann Cell-Like Cells (SCLC)
2.1. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
2.1.1. Biological/Chemical Induction
2.1.2. Physical-Electrical Induction
2.1.3. Bone Marrow-Derived MSC
In Vitro Characterization
Application in the PNS
Application in the CNS
Limitations
2.1.4. Adipose Tissue-Derived MSC
In Vitro Characterization
Application in the PNS
Application in the CNS
Limitations
2.1.5. Umbilical Cord-Derived MSC
Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived MSC
In Vitro Characterization
In Vivo Application
Limitations
Wharton’s-Jelly-Derived MSC
In Vitro Characterization
Application in the PNS
Application in the CNS
Limitations
2.2. Hair Follicle/Skin-Derived Stem Cells
2.2.1. Neural Crest Stem Cells
In Vitro Characterization
Application in the PNS
Application in the CNS
Limitations
2.2.2. Skin-Derived Precursory Cells
In Vitro Characterization
Application in the PNS
Application in the CNS
Limitations
2.3. Pluripotent Stem Cells
2.3.1. In Vitro Characterization
2.3.2. In Vivo Application
2.3.3. Limitations
2.4. Fibroblasts
Starting Cell | Induction Factors | Method | Phenotypic Markers | Growth Factor Expression | In Vitro Outcome | In Vivo Outcome | Time (Days) | Subacute/Chronic Injury | Injury | In Vivo Cotreatments | Application in PNS/CNS | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ad-MSC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF, HRG | direct biochemical induction | morphology | BDNF, NGF, GDNF | increased neurites sprouting of NG108-15 neurons, increased neurites length and increased amount of neurites per neuron | increased myelination | 18 days | subacute | rat tibial crush | - | PNS | [134] |
Ad-MSC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF-AA, HRG | direct biochemical induction | - | BDNF, GDNF, VEGF-A, Angiopoietin-1 | increased neurites length of rat DRG neurons | increased amount and length of axons, increased angiogenesis | 18 days | subacute | 10-mm rat sciatic nerve gap | 14-mm tubular fibrin conduit; Cyclosporine A | PNS | [126] |
Ad-MSC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF-AA, HRG | direct biochemical induction | morphology | BDNF, GDNF, NGF | withdrawel of differrentiation media cause reversion of the induced SCLC phenotype | - | 18 days | - | - | - | - | [131] |
Ad-MSC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF, HRG, PROG, Hydrocortisone, Insulin | direct biochemical induction | morphology, GFAP, S100, PMP-22, P0 | BDNF, NGF | - | increased amount of axons, increased myelination, enhanced motor function recovery | 13 days | subacute | 10-mm rat sciatic nerve gap | collagen sponge, cyclosporine A | PNS | [143] |
BM-MSC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF-AA, GGF-2 | direct biochemical induction | morphology, GFAP, S100, p75, erbB3 | - | increased neurite sprouting, increased neurite length, increase neurite density of rat DRG neuron | - | 18 days | - | - | - | - | [111] |
BM-MSC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF-AA, HRG | direct biochemical induction | morphology, GFAP, S100, CNPase, p75NTR, P0 | HGF, VEGF | increased number and neurite length of Neuro2A cells | enhanced axonal outgrowth in ex vivo Spinal Cord slices | 12 days | - | - | - | CNS (ex vivo) | [112] |
BM-MSC | neurosphere induction: bFGF, EGF, B27; SC-like cell induction: FSK, PDGF-AA, bFGF, HRG | two step biochemical induction | morphology, S100, p75 | BDNF, VEGF, HGF, NGF | incresed neurites sprouting, increased neurite length of Neuro2A cells and rat DRG neurons, myelination | functional myelination | 21 days (neurospheres); 14 days (SC-like cells) | Subacute | 5-mm rat sciatic nerve gap | 16-mm chitosan conduit; Cyclosporine A | PNS | [121] |
BM-MSC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF-AA, HRG | direct biochemical induction | morphology, GFAP, S100, p75, P0 | - | - | increased amount of axons, enhanced motor function outcome | 8–9 days | Subacute | 10-mm rat sciatic nerve gap | 10-mm trans-permeable tubes (Hollow fibers, Amicon, Beverly, MA); tacrolimus | PNS | [116] |
BM-MSC; Ad-MSC | conditioned SC media | SC co-culture | PMP-22, S100 | - | - | - | 12 days | - | - | - | - | [97] |
ESC | rosette induction: Stromal feeder cells, BME, SHH, FGF8, BDNF, TGFβ, cAMP, ascorbic acid; SC-like cell induction: HRG, CNTF, cAMP | two step biochemical induction: ESC to neural rosette to SC-like cells | GFAP, S100, MBP | - | - | - | 16 days (rosette); 60 days (SC-like cells) | - | - | - | - | [201] |
ESC | neurosphere induction: Stromal feeder cell, BME; SC-like cell induction: FSK, bFGF, HRG, ascorbic acid | two step biochemical induction: ESC to neurospheres to SC-like cells | morphology, GFAP, S100, p75, PMP-22, P0, MBP, Krox20 | - | interaction with chicken & rat DRG neurons | - | 14–16 days (neurospheres); 56 days (SC-like cells) | - | - | - | - | [200] |
ESC/iPSC | NCC induction: stromal feeder cell, B27, FGF2, Rock inhibitor, ascorbic acid; SC-like cell induction: HRG | two step biochemical induction: ESC/iPSC to NCC to SC-like cells | GFAP, S100, p75, erbB3, Sox9, PMP-22, MBP | - | myelination of rat DRG neurons | - | 14 days (neurospheres); 40 days (SC-like cells) | - | - | - | - | [199] |
ESC/iPSC | rosette induction: CHIR99021, SB431542; SCP induction: NRG1; SC-like cell induction: NRG1, RA, FSK, PDGF-BB | tree step biochemical induction: ESC/iPSC to rosette to SPCs to SC-like cells | morphology, GFAP, S100, PMP-22, PLP | BDNF, GDNF, NGF, CNTF, NT-3, NT-4 | myelination of rat DRG neurons | enhanced myelination, enhanced motor function recovery | 6 days (rosette); 18 days (SPC); 7 days (SC-like cells) | suacute | 6–9 mm mouse sciatic nerve gap | matrigel | PNS | [204] |
Fibroblasts | SOX10, Krox20 transduction; FSK, bFGF, PDGF, HRG | genetic modification | morphology, GFAP, p75, NG2 | BDNF, GDNF, NGF | increased neurites sprouting of NG108-15 neurons, increased neurites length, increased amount of neurites per neuron, myelination of mice DRG neurons | enhanced myelination, enhanced motor function recovery | 3 days | subacute | 5 mm mouse sciatic nerve gap | 5 mm gelatin hydrogel conduit | PNS | [207] |
Fibroblasts | SOX10, Krox20 transduction; HRG, FSK | genetic modification | morphology, GFAP, erbB3, MAG, P0, MBP | interaction with murine DRG neurons, increased neurites length | - | 14 days | - | - | - | - | [210] | |
Hf-NCC | mouse sciatic nerve | In vivo differentiation | GFAP | - | - | enhanced myelination, enhanced electrical signal transduction | Subacute | 2-mm rat sciatic nerve gap | PNS | [174] | ||
Hf-NCC | GGF-2 | direct biochemical induction | GFAP, S100 | - | - | - | 28 days | - | - | - | [168] | |
Hf-NCC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF-BB, GGF-2, CHIR99021 (GSK inhibitor, WNT activator), SB431542 (TGFβ1 receptor inhibitor) | direct biochemical induction | morphology, S100, p75, MBP, SOX10, Krox20 | BDNF, FGF2, FGF5, IL6, VEGF | interaction with murine DRG neurons, myelination | - | 4–17 days | - | - | - | [169] | |
SKP | FSK, HRG | direct biochemical induction | S100, p75, PMP-22, MBP | - | - | integration into CNS white matter in ex vivo spinal cord slices; compact myelin formation in vivo | 10 days | chronic demyelination | shiverer mice brain characterized by extensive demyelination | CNS | [178] | |
SKP | FSK, HRG | direct biochemical induction | morphology, S100, p75, P0 | - | myleination of rat DRG neurons | alignement with newly formed myelin | 10 days | chronic (implantation 6 days post demyelination) | local demyelination by lysolecthin injection in mice sciatic nerves | PNS | [182] | |
UCB-MSC | NCC induction: Epidermal Growth Factor, bFGF, B27; SC-like cell induction: RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF-AA, HRG | two step biochemical induction: UCB-MSC to neurospheres to SC-like cells | morphology, GFAP, S100, Nestin | - | increased neurite sprouting of rat DRG neurons | - | >5 days (neurospheres); 4 days (SC-like cells) | - | - | - | - | [147] |
UCB-MSC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF-BB, NGF, HRG | direct biochemical induction | morphology, GFAP, S100, p75 | - | - | - | 8 days | - | - | - | - | [148] |
WJ-MSC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF, HRG | direct biochemical induction | morphology, GFAP, S100, p75, MBP | BDNF, NGF, NT-3 | increased neurite sprouting, increased neurite lenght of rat DRG neurons | - | 12 days | - | - | - | - | [155] |
WJ-MSC | BME, RA, FSK, bFGF, PDGF, HRG | direct biochemical induction | morphology, GFAP, S100, p75, P0, O4 | - | - | improved amount of axons, myelination, enhanced motor function recovery | 6–7 days | Subacute | 8-mm rat sciatic nerve gap | 8-mm trans-permeable tubes (Hollow fibers, Amicon, Beverly, MA); tacrolimus | PNS | [156] |
2.4.1. In Vitro Characterization
2.4.2. In Vivo Characterization
2.4.3. Limitations
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hopf, A.; Schaefer, D.J.; Kalbermatten, D.F.; Guzman, R.; Madduri, S. Schwann Cell-Like Cells: Origin and Usability for Repair and Regeneration of the Peripheral and Central Nervous System. Cells 2020, 9, 1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091990
Hopf A, Schaefer DJ, Kalbermatten DF, Guzman R, Madduri S. Schwann Cell-Like Cells: Origin and Usability for Repair and Regeneration of the Peripheral and Central Nervous System. Cells. 2020; 9(9):1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091990
Chicago/Turabian StyleHopf, Alois, Dirk J. Schaefer, Daniel F. Kalbermatten, Raphael Guzman, and Srinivas Madduri. 2020. "Schwann Cell-Like Cells: Origin and Usability for Repair and Regeneration of the Peripheral and Central Nervous System" Cells 9, no. 9: 1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091990