Methionine Supplementation Affects Metabolism and Reduces Tumor Aggressiveness in Liver Cancer Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Cultures
2.2. Growth Curves
2.3. Migration Assay
2.4. Clonogenic Assay
2.5. Total Protein Extraction and Western Blot
2.6. Small-Interfering RNA-Mediated Gene Silencing
2.7. Shotgun Mass Spectrometry and Label Free Quantification
2.8. Chemicals for Metabolomics Analysis
2.9. Metabolites Extraction for GC-MS Analysis
2.10. Metabolites Extraction for LC-MS Analysis
2.11. GC-MS Metabolic Profiling
2.12. LC-MS Metabolic Profiling
2.13. Metabolites Quantification in the Media Samples
2.14. Bioenergetics by Seahorse Technology
3. Results
3.1. High Methionine and Compound C Induce Proteomic Changes
3.2. High Methionine and Compound C Induce a Metabolic Rewiring
3.3. High Methionine and Compound C Increase Mitochondrial Functionality
3.4. High Methionine Activates AMPK and mTOR Pathways
3.5. High Methionine Reduces Cancer Associated Phenotypes
3.6. The Effect of High Methionine and Compound C is Specific for Liver Cancer Cells
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kumari, R.; Sahu, M.K.; Tripathy, A.; Uthansingh, K.; Behera, M. Hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: Hurdles, advances and prospects. Hepatic Oncol. 2018, 5, HEP08. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- He, L.; Tian, D.-A.; Li, P.-Y.; He, X.-X. Mouse models of liver cancer: Progress and recommendations. Oncotarget 2015, 6, 23306–23322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roth, G.S.; Decaens, T. Liver immunotolerance and hepatocellular carcinoma: Patho-physiological mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Eur. J. Cancer 2017, 87, 101–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rimassa, L.; Danesi, R.; Pressiani, T.; Merle, P. Management of adverse events associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Improving outcomes for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2019, 77, 20–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hardie, D.G. AMPK: Positive and negative regulation, and its role in whole-body energy homeostasis. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2015, 33, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jeon, S.M.; Hay, N. The double-edged sword of AMPK signaling in cancer and its therapeutic implications. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2015, 38, 346–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, C.-W.; Wong, L.L.-Y.; Tse, E.Y.-T.; Liu, H.-F.; Leong, V.Y.-L.; Lee, J.M.-F.; Hardie, D.G.; Ng, I.O.-L.; Ching, Y.-P. AMPK promotes p53 acetylation via phosphorylation and inactivation of SIRT1 in liver cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2012, 72, 4394–4404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, X.; Liu, Y.; Li, M.; Wu, H.; Wang, Y.; You, Y.; Li, P.; Ding, X.; Liu, C.; Gong, J. Predictive and preventive significance of AMPK activation on hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Cell Death Dis. 2018, 9, 264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, L.; Yang, W.; Wu, F.; Wang, C.; Yu, L.; Tang, L.; Qiu, B.; Li, Y.; Guo, L.; Wu, M.; et al. Prognostic significance of AMPK activation and therapeutic effects of metformin in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2013, 19, 5372–5380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Podhorecka, M.; Ibanez, B.; Dmoszyńska, A. Metformin-its potential anti-cancer and anti-aging effects. Postep. Hig. Med. Dosw. 2017, 71, 170–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, X.; Tan, H.Y.; Teng, S.; Chan, Y.T.; Wang, D.; Wang, N. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase as a potential target of treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers 2019, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lu, S.C.; Mato, J.M. S-adenosylmethionine in liver health, injury, and cancer. Physiol. Rev. 2012, 92, 1515–1542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ables, G.P.; Johnson, J.E. Pleiotropic responses to methionine restriction. Exp. Gerontol. 2017, 94, 83–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frau, M.; Feo, F.; Pascale, R.M. Pleiotropic effects of methionine adenosyltransferases deregulation as determinants of liver cancer progression and prognosis. J. Hepatol. 2013, 59, 830–841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pascale, R.M.; Feo, C.F.; Calvisi, D.F.; Feo, F. Deregulation of methionine metabolism as determinant of progression and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018, 3, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaturvedi, S.; Hoffman, R.M.; Bertino, J.R. Exploiting methionine restriction for cancer treatment. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2018, 154, 170–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mato, J.M.; Lu, S.C. The Hepatocarcinogenic Effect of Methionine and Choline Deficient Diets: An Adaptation to the Warburg Effect? Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 2011, 35, 811–814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Martínez-López, N.; Varela-Rey, M.; Ariz, U.; Embade, N.; Vazquez-Chantada, M.; Fernandez-Ramos, D.; Gomez-Santos, L.; Lu, S.C.; Mato, J.M.; Martinez-Chantar, M.L. S-adenosylmethionine and proliferation: New pathways, new targets. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2008, 36, 848–852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Sun, Z.S.; Szyf, M. S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) alters the transcriptome and methylome and specifically blocks growth and invasiveness of liver cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 111866–111881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stoyanov, E.; Mizrahi, L.; Olam, D.; Schnitzer-Perlman, T.; Galun, E.; Goldenberg, D.S. Tumor-suppressive effect of S-adenosylmethionine supplementation in a murine model of inflammation-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is dependent on treatment longevity. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 104772–104784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mato, J.M.; Cámara, J.; De Paz, J.F.; Caballería, L.; Coll, S.; Caballero, A.; García-Buey, L.; Beltrán, J.; Benita, V.; Caballería, J.; et al. S-Adenosylmethionine in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. J. Hepatol. 1999, 30, 1081–1089. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- LGC Website. Available online: https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/en/Products/All/HB-8065.aspx (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- LGC Website. Available online: https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/products/all/CCL-228.aspx (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- LGC Website. Available online: https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/products/all/CCL-185.aspx (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- LGC Website. Available online: https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/products/all/HTB-22.aspx (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- JCRB Cell Bank Website. Available online: https://cellbank.nibiohn.go.jp/~cellbank/en/search_res_det.cgi?ID=385 (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- Vernocchi, V.; Morselli, M.G.; Varesi, S.; Nonnis, S.; Maffioli, E.; Negri, A.; Tedeschi, G.; Luvoni, G.C. Sperm ubiquitination in epididymal feline semen. Theriogenology 2014, 82, 636–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tedeschi, G.; Albani, E.; Borroni, E.M.; Parini, V.; Brucculeri, A.M.; Maffioli, E.; Negri, A.; Nonnis, S.; Maccarrone, M.; Levi-Setti, P.E. Proteomic profile of maternal-aged blastocoel fluid suggests a novel role for ubiquitin system in blastocyst quality. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2017, 34, 225–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Migliaccio, O.; Pinsino, A.; Maffioli, E.; Smith, A.M.; Agnisola, C.; Matranga, V.; Nonnis, S.; Tedeschi, G.; Byrne, M.; Gambi, M.C.; et al. Living in future ocean acidification, physiological adaptive responses of the immune system of sea urchins resident at a CO 2 vent system. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 672, 938–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maffioli, E.; Schulte, C.; Nonnis, S.; Scalvini, F.G.; Piazzoni, C.; Lenardi, C.; Negri, A.; Milani, P.; Tedeschi, G. Proteomic dissection of nanotopography-sensitive mechanotransductive signaling hubs that foster neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2018, 11, 417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pang, Z.; Chong, J.; Li, S.; Xia, J. Metaboanalystr 3.0: Toward an optimized workflow for global metabolomics. Metabolites 2020, 10, 186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chong, J.; Wishart, D.S.; Xia, J. Using MetaboAnalyst 4.0 for Comprehensive and Integrative Metabolomics Data Analysis. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 2019, 68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tripodi, F.; Castoldi, A.; Nicastro, R.; Reghellin, V.; Lombardi, L.; Airoldi, C.; Falletta, E.; Maffioli, E.; Scarcia, P.; Palmieri, L.; et al. Methionine supplementation stimulates mitochondrial respiration. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 2018, 1865, 1901–1913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Tatham, M.H.; Schmidt-Heck, W.; Swann, C.; Singh-Dolt, K.; Meseguer-Ripolles, J.; Lucendo-Villarin, B.; Kunath, T.; Rudd, T.R.; Smith, A.J.H.; et al. Multiomics Analyses of HNF4α Protein Domain Function during Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation. iScience 2019, 16, 206–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, H.; Zheng, Y.; Li, T.W.H.; Peng, H.; Fernandez-Ramos, D.; Martínez-Chantar, M.L.; Rojas, A.L.; Mato, J.M.; Lu, S.C. Methionine adenosyltransferase 2B, HuR, and sirtuin 1 protein cross-talk impacts on the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and growth in liver cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 288, 23161–23170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wu, P. 5′-methylthioadenosine and cancer: Old molecules, new understanding. J. Cancer 2019, 10, 927–936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Avila, M.A.; García-Trevijano, E.R.; Lu, S.C.; Corrales, F.J.; Mato, J.M. Methylthioadenosine. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2004, 36, 2125–2130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferioli, M.E.; Scalabrino, G. Persistently Decreased Hepatic Levels of 5’-deoxy-5’-methylthioadenosine During Regeneration of and Chemical Carcinogenesis in Rat Liver—PubMed. Available online: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3458957/?from_single_result=Ferioli+%26+Scalabrino%2C+1986+mta+liver (accessed on 29 March 2020).
- Pascale, R.M.; Simile, M.M.; De Miglio, M.R.; Feo, F. Chemoprevention of hepatocarcinogenesis: S-adenosyl-L-methionine. In Alcohol; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2002; Volume 27, pp. 193–198. [Google Scholar]
- Alberghina, L.; Coccetti, P.; Orlandi, I. Systems biology of the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: From network mining to system-level properties. Biotechnol. Adv. 2009, 27, 960–978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hardie, D.G. Keeping the home fires burning: AMP-activated protein kinase. J. R. Soc. Interface 2018, 15, 20170774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sanli, T.; Steinberg, G.R.; Singh, G.; Tsakiridis, T. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) beyond metabolism: A novel genomic stress sensor participating in the DNA damage response pathway. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2014, 15, 156–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Magaway, C.; Kim, E.; Jacinto, E. Targeting mTOR and Metabolism in Cancer: Lessons and Innovations. Cells 2019, 8, 1584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gu, X.; Orozco, J.M.; Saxton, R.A.; Condon, K.J.; Liu, G.Y.; Krawczyk, P.A.; Scaria, S.M.; Wade Harper, J.; Gygi, S.P.; Sabatini, D.M. SAMTOR is an S-adenosylmethionine sensor for the mTORC1 pathway. Science 2017, 358, 813–818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nitulescu, G.M.; Van De Venter, M.; Nitulescu, G.; Ungurianu, A.; Juzenas, P.; Peng, Q.; Olaru, O.T.; Grǎdinaru, D.; Tsatsakis, A.; Tsoukalas, D.; et al. The Akt pathway in oncology therapy and beyond (Review). Int. J. Oncol. 2018, 53, 2319–2331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fouad, Y.A.; Aanei, C. Revisiting the hallmarks of cancer. Am. J. Cancer Res. 2017, 7, 1016–1036. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, Z.; Song, L.; Liu, S.Q.; Huang, D. Independent and additive effects of glutamic acid and methionine on yeast longevity. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e79319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Troen, A.M.; French, E.E.; Roberts, J.F.; Selhub, J.; Ordovas, J.M.; Parnell, L.D.; Lai, C.Q. Lifespan modification by glucose and methionine in Drosophila melanogaster fed a chemically defined diet. Age 2007, 29, 29–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, B.C.; Kaya, A.; Ma, S.; Kim, G.; Gerashchenko, M.V.; Yim, S.H.; Hu, Z.; Harshman, L.G.; Gladyshev, V.N. Methionine restriction extends lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster under conditions of low amino-acid status. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Johnson, J.E.; Johnson, F.B. Methionine restriction activates the retrograde response and confers both stress tolerance and lifespan extension to yeast, mouse and human cells. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e97729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ables, G.P.; Ouattara, A.; Hampton, T.G.; Cooke, D.; Perodin, F.; Augie, I.; Orentreich, D.S. Dietary methionine restriction in mice elicits an adaptive cardiovascular response to hyperhomocysteinemia. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ouattara, A.; Cooke, D.; Gopalakrishnan, R.; Huang, T.-h.; Ables, G.P. Methionine restriction alters bone morphology and affects osteoblast differentiation. Bone Rep. 2016, 5, 33–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Komninou, D.; Leutzinger, Y.; Reddy, B.S.; Richie, J.P. Methionine restriction inhibits colon carcinogenesis. Nutr. Cancer 2006, 54, 202–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sinha, R.; Cooper, T.K.; Rogers, C.J.; Sinha, I.; Turbitt, W.J.; Calcagnotto, A.; Perrone, C.E.; Richie, J.P. Dietary methionine restriction inhibits prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in TRAMP mice. Prostate 2014, 74, 1663–1673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeon, H.; Kim, J.H.; Lee, E.; Jang, Y.J.; Son, J.E.; Kwon, J.Y.; Lim, T.-g.; Kim, S.; Yoon Park, J.H.; Kim, J.E.; et al. Methionine deprivation suppresses triple-negative breast cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2016, 7, 67223–67234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hens, J.R.; Sinha, I.; Perodin, F.; Cooper, T.; Sinha, R.; Plummer, J.; Perrone, C.E.; Orentreich, D. Methionine-restricted diet inhibits growth of MCF10AT1-derived mammary tumors by increasing cell cycle inhibitors in athymic nude mice. BMC Cancer 2016, 16, 349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Benavides, M.A.; Hagen, K.L.; Fang, W.; Du, P.; Lin, S.; Moyer, M.P.; Yang, W.; Bland, K.I.; Grizzle, W.E.; Bosland, M.C. Suppression by L-methionine of cell cycle progression in LNCaP and MCF-7 cells but not benign cells. Anticancer Res. 2010, 30, 1881–1885. [Google Scholar]
- Benavides, M.A.; Hu, D.; Baraoidan, M.K.; Bruno, A.; Du, P.; Lin, S.; Yang, W.; Bland, K.I.; Grizzle, W.E.; Bosland, M.C. L-methionine-induced alterations in molecular signatures in MCF-7 and LNCaP cancer cells. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 137, 441–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pascale, R.M.; Simile, M.M.; De Miglio, M.R.; Nufris, A.; Daino, L.; Seddaiu, M.A.; Rao, P.M.; Rajalakshmi, S.; Sarma, D.S.; Feo, F. Chemoprevention by S-adeosyl-L-methionine of rat liver carcinogenesis initiated by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and promoted by orotic acid. Carcinogenesis 1995, 16, 427–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iiboshi, Y.; Papst, P.J.; Kawasome, H.; Hosoi, H.; Abraham, R.T.; Houghton, P.J.; Terada, N. Amino acid-dependent control of p70(s6k). Involvement of tRNA aminoacylation in the regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 1092–1099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tripodi, F.; Badone, B.; Vescovi, M.; Milanesi, R.; Nonnis, S.; Maffioli, E.; Bonanomi, M.; Gaglio, D.; Tedeschi, G.; Coccetti, P. Methionine Supplementation Affects Metabolism and Reduces Tumor Aggressiveness in Liver Cancer Cells. Cells 2020, 9, 2491. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9112491
Tripodi F, Badone B, Vescovi M, Milanesi R, Nonnis S, Maffioli E, Bonanomi M, Gaglio D, Tedeschi G, Coccetti P. Methionine Supplementation Affects Metabolism and Reduces Tumor Aggressiveness in Liver Cancer Cells. Cells. 2020; 9(11):2491. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9112491
Chicago/Turabian StyleTripodi, Farida, Beatrice Badone, Marta Vescovi, Riccardo Milanesi, Simona Nonnis, Elisa Maffioli, Marcella Bonanomi, Daniela Gaglio, Gabriella Tedeschi, and Paola Coccetti. 2020. "Methionine Supplementation Affects Metabolism and Reduces Tumor Aggressiveness in Liver Cancer Cells" Cells 9, no. 11: 2491. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9112491