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Partial Reprogramming Is Conserved from Insect to Mammal
by
Nicholas S. Tolwinski
Nicholas S. Tolwinski
Nicholas S. Tolwinski, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program at [...]
Nicholas S. Tolwinski, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program at Duke-NUS Medical School. He received his B.A. from the University of Colorado in Boulder, majoring in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, He received a PhD from Princeton University in Molecular Biology in 2004, He moved to Yale-NUS College as a founding member of the faculty in 2012 and joined Duke-NUS Medical School in 2022. He is interested in Signal transduction in embryonic development, Adult models for analysis of aging, and age-related disease.
1,*
,
Sheng Fong
Sheng Fong
Sheng Fong, MD PhD, is a consultant geriatrician-scientist at Ng Teng Fong General Hospital and an [...]
Sheng Fong, MD PhD, is a consultant geriatrician-scientist at Ng Teng Fong General Hospital and an adjunct assistant professor at the National University of Singapore. He maintains an active clinical practice caring for frail older adults with complex age-related conditions. Patients remain central to his work, and his clinical practice continually informs his research, which focuses on improving care through earlier detection, accurate prognostication, and personalized interventions. To address current gaps in identifying latent disease and physiological decline, he has developed expertise in data science and machine learning, building clinical classifiers and risk models, most notably the biological aging clocks LinAge and LinAge2, to assess physiological resilience across the life course. He currently leads the validation of the LinAge2 clinical aging clock and its derivatives across multiple Singapore cohorts, including SG70, RESET, and CogAge, to ensure broad population applicability. In addition, he co-leads the Singapore Chinese Health Study and its SG70 and Beyond SG70@HOME sub-studies.
2,3
,
Sujithra Shankar
Sujithra Shankar 1 and
Jan Gruber
Jan Gruber
Jan Gruber, PhD, an Assistant Professor at the Division of
Science, Yale-NUS College, a between and [...]
Jan Gruber, PhD, an Assistant Professor at the Division of
Science, Yale-NUS College, a collaboration between Yale University and the
National University of Singapore, and an Assistant Professor in the Department
of Biochemistry, NUS. From 1995 to 1998, Jan Gruber studied physics at the RWTH-Aachen
University in Germany before earning Part III of the Mathematical Tripos (MASt)
at the University of Cambridge in the UK. From 1999 to 2004, he was a graduate
student in the Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry
at Oxford University. He earned his Master’s degree of Science in Biochemistry
and Molecular Biophysics in 2000. His research focus on Ageing, Age-dependent
dieseases, Interventions agains, Basic/Molecular Mechanisms of Ageing, Role of
Mitochondria and Free Radicals in Ageing and Age-dependent Diseases and so on.
4,5
1
Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
2
Population Health Research Office, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore 609606, Singapore
3
Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore 609606, Singapore
4
Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
5
Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cells 2026, 15(2), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020168 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 November 2025
/
Revised: 16 December 2025
/
Accepted: 15 January 2026
/
Published: 16 January 2026
Abstract
As we become older, systems throughout the body gradually decline in function. Contributing factors include the accumulation of senescent cells and the dysfunction and exhaustion of stem and progenitor cells. A promising approach to mitigate these changes and enhance cellular function in aged animals is the discovery that differentiated cells retain plasticity, enabling them to revert to pluripotent states when exposed to Yamanaka factors. This method has shown promise in models of rapid aging, and recent studies have demonstrated notable life extension in both flies and mice. These findings, along with the development of senolytics and aging clocks, could revolutionize aging research and interventions. Here, we review recent discoveries in the field and propose new directions for intervention discovery.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Tolwinski, N.S.; Fong, S.; Shankar, S.; Gruber, J.
Partial Reprogramming Is Conserved from Insect to Mammal. Cells 2026, 15, 168.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020168
AMA Style
Tolwinski NS, Fong S, Shankar S, Gruber J.
Partial Reprogramming Is Conserved from Insect to Mammal. Cells. 2026; 15(2):168.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020168
Chicago/Turabian Style
Tolwinski, Nicholas S., Sheng Fong, Sujithra Shankar, and Jan Gruber.
2026. "Partial Reprogramming Is Conserved from Insect to Mammal" Cells 15, no. 2: 168.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020168
APA Style
Tolwinski, N. S., Fong, S., Shankar, S., & Gruber, J.
(2026). Partial Reprogramming Is Conserved from Insect to Mammal. Cells, 15(2), 168.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020168
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