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Review

Partial Reprogramming Is Conserved from Insect to Mammal

by
Nicholas S. Tolwinski
1,*,
Sheng Fong
2,3,
Sujithra Shankar
1 and
Jan Gruber
4,5
1
Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
2
Population Health Research Office, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore 609606, Singapore
3
Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore 609606, Singapore
4
Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
5
Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cells 2026, 15(2), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020168 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 November 2025 / Revised: 16 December 2025 / Accepted: 15 January 2026 / Published: 16 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetic Mechanisms and Aging)

Abstract

As we become older, systems throughout the body gradually decline in function. Contributing factors include the accumulation of senescent cells and the dysfunction and exhaustion of stem and progenitor cells. A promising approach to mitigate these changes and enhance cellular function in aged animals is the discovery that differentiated cells retain plasticity, enabling them to revert to pluripotent states when exposed to Yamanaka factors. This method has shown promise in models of rapid aging, and recent studies have demonstrated notable life extension in both flies and mice. These findings, along with the development of senolytics and aging clocks, could revolutionize aging research and interventions. Here, we review recent discoveries in the field and propose new directions for intervention discovery.
Keywords: reprogramming; Senotherapeutic; OKSM; OSKM; aging; longevity reprogramming; Senotherapeutic; OKSM; OSKM; aging; longevity

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Tolwinski, N.S.; Fong, S.; Shankar, S.; Gruber, J. Partial Reprogramming Is Conserved from Insect to Mammal. Cells 2026, 15, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020168

AMA Style

Tolwinski NS, Fong S, Shankar S, Gruber J. Partial Reprogramming Is Conserved from Insect to Mammal. Cells. 2026; 15(2):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020168

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tolwinski, Nicholas S., Sheng Fong, Sujithra Shankar, and Jan Gruber. 2026. "Partial Reprogramming Is Conserved from Insect to Mammal" Cells 15, no. 2: 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020168

APA Style

Tolwinski, N. S., Fong, S., Shankar, S., & Gruber, J. (2026). Partial Reprogramming Is Conserved from Insect to Mammal. Cells, 15(2), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15020168

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