Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Glioblastoma—Current Concepts and Promising Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preclinical Studies
2.1. Targeting IL-13Rα2
2.2. Targeting EGFR and EGFRvIII
2.3. Targeting HER2 and Combinatorial Targets
2.4. Targeting EphA2
2.5. Targeting NKG2D Ligands (NKG2DLs)
2.6. Targeting GD2
2.7. Other Targets
3. Clinical Studies
3.1. Targeting IL-13Rα2
3.2. Targeting EGFRvIII
3.3. Targeting HER2
3.4. Targeting EphA2
3.5. Targeting GD2
4. Challenges
4.1. GBM-Related Challenges
4.1.1. Neuroanatomical Barriers
4.1.2. Tumor Microenvironment and Immunosuppression
4.1.3. Heterogeneity and Antigen Loss
4.2. CAR-T Cell Toxicity
5. Outlook
5.1. Breaking down Neuroanatomical Barriers
5.2. Adjusting the TME
5.3. Conquer Heterogeneity and Antigen Loss
5.4. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells
5.5. Management of Toxicity
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Current Challenges | Potential Solutions |
---|---|
Limitations of GBM mouse models [68,69] |
|
Neuroanatomical barriers such as the BBB and insufficient trafficking of CAR-T cells in solid tumors [1,8,70,71,72,73,74] | |
Immunosuppressive TME [7,8,14,22,36,66,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83] | |
Intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity and antigen loss [1,4,16,19,21,57,60,67,75,85,86,87], | |
CAR-T cell toxicity [2,16,17,18,19,20,25,82,88,89,90,91] |
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Kringel, R.; Lamszus, K.; Mohme, M. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Glioblastoma—Current Concepts and Promising Future. Cells 2023, 12, 1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12131770
Kringel R, Lamszus K, Mohme M. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Glioblastoma—Current Concepts and Promising Future. Cells. 2023; 12(13):1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12131770
Chicago/Turabian StyleKringel, Rebecca, Katrin Lamszus, and Malte Mohme. 2023. "Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Glioblastoma—Current Concepts and Promising Future" Cells 12, no. 13: 1770. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12131770