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Review

Ion Channels as Potential Tools for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of HPV-Associated Cancers

by
Andrea Jazmín Chiliquinga
1,
Brenda Acosta
1,2,
Ingrid Ogonaga-Borja
1,2,
Fernanda Villarruel-Melquiades
2,
Jaime de la Garza
3,
Patricio Gariglio
4,
Rodolfo Ocádiz-Delgado
4,
Ana Ramírez
5,
Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
6,
Claudia M. García-Cuellar
6,
Cecilia Bañuelos
7 and
Javier Camacho
2,*
1
Grupo de Investigación de Ciencias en Red, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ibarra 100105, Ecuador
2
Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, Mexico
3
Unidad de Oncología Torácica y Laboratorio de Medicina Personalizada, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico CP 14080, Mexico
4
Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, Mexico
5
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Tijuana 22390, Mexico
6
Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Tlalpan, Ciudad de Mexico CP 14080, Mexico
7
Programa Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de Mexico CP 07360, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cells 2023, 12(10), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12101376
Submission received: 15 February 2023 / Revised: 19 April 2023 / Accepted: 5 May 2023 / Published: 12 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Immunological Mechanisms of HPV-Induced Carcinogenesis)
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Abstract

The human papilloma virus (HPV) group comprises approximately 200 genetic types that have a special affinity for epithelial tissues and can vary from producing benign symptoms to developing into complicated pathologies, such as cancer. The HPV replicative cycle affects various cellular and molecular processes, including DNA insertions and methylation and relevant pathways related to pRb and p53, as well as ion channel expression or function. Ion channels are responsible for the flow of ions across cell membranes and play very important roles in human physiology, including the regulation of ion homeostasis, electrical excitability, and cell signaling. However, when ion channel function or expression is altered, the channels can trigger a wide range of channelopathies, including cancer. In consequence, the up- or down-regulation of ion channels in cancer makes them attractive molecular markers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the disease. Interestingly, the activity or expression of several ion channels is dysregulated in HPV-associated cancers. Here, we review the status of ion channels and their regulation in HPV-associated cancers and discuss the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Understanding the dynamics of ion channels in these cancers should help to improve early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment in the benefit of HPV-associated cancer patients.
Keywords: HPV; cancer; ion channels; molecular markers HPV; cancer; ion channels; molecular markers
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MDPI and ACS Style

Chiliquinga, A.J.; Acosta, B.; Ogonaga-Borja, I.; Villarruel-Melquiades, F.; de la Garza, J.; Gariglio, P.; Ocádiz-Delgado, R.; Ramírez, A.; Sánchez-Pérez, Y.; García-Cuellar, C.M.; et al. Ion Channels as Potential Tools for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of HPV-Associated Cancers. Cells 2023, 12, 1376. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12101376

AMA Style

Chiliquinga AJ, Acosta B, Ogonaga-Borja I, Villarruel-Melquiades F, de la Garza J, Gariglio P, Ocádiz-Delgado R, Ramírez A, Sánchez-Pérez Y, García-Cuellar CM, et al. Ion Channels as Potential Tools for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of HPV-Associated Cancers. Cells. 2023; 12(10):1376. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12101376

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiliquinga, Andrea Jazmín, Brenda Acosta, Ingrid Ogonaga-Borja, Fernanda Villarruel-Melquiades, Jaime de la Garza, Patricio Gariglio, Rodolfo Ocádiz-Delgado, Ana Ramírez, Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez, Claudia M. García-Cuellar, and et al. 2023. "Ion Channels as Potential Tools for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of HPV-Associated Cancers" Cells 12, no. 10: 1376. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12101376

APA Style

Chiliquinga, A. J., Acosta, B., Ogonaga-Borja, I., Villarruel-Melquiades, F., de la Garza, J., Gariglio, P., Ocádiz-Delgado, R., Ramírez, A., Sánchez-Pérez, Y., García-Cuellar, C. M., Bañuelos, C., & Camacho, J. (2023). Ion Channels as Potential Tools for the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of HPV-Associated Cancers. Cells, 12(10), 1376. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12101376

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