Post-Translational Modification and Subcellular Compartmentalization: Emerging Concepts on the Regulation and Physiopathological Relevance of RhoGTPases
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. General Aspects of Rho GTPase Modulation
3. PTM of RhoGTPases
3.1. Modification of Rho GTPases by Oxidizing Species
3.2. Phosphorylation of Rho GTPases
3.3. Ubiquitylation and SUMOylation
3.4. Lipid Modifications and Interactions as Modulators of Rho GTPase Subcellular Compartmentalization and Function
3.4.1. Prenylation
3.4.2. Palmitoylation
3.5. Non-Covalent Lipid Interactions
4. Rho GTPases at the Nucleus: Trafficking and Functional Impact
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PTMs | Post-translational modifications |
GDP/GTP | Guanosine diphosphate and guanosine triphosphate |
TC | Tumor Cell |
TME | Tumor microenvironment |
ECM | Extracellular Matrix |
CAFs | Cancer Associated Fibroblasts |
NE | Nuclear Envelope |
GEFs | Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors |
GAPs | GTPase-Activating Proteins |
GDI | Guanine nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors |
EGF | Epithelial Growth Factor |
SUMO | Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifiers |
FTase | Farnesyltransferase |
GGTase I | Geranylgeranyltransferase I |
PM | Plasma Membrane |
ZDHHC | Zinc finger DHHC |
PAT | Palmitoyl-S-Transferase |
ER | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
RER | Rugous Endoplasmic Reticulum |
DRMs | Detergent-Resistant-Membranes |
CEMMs | Cholesterol Enriched plasma Membrane Microdomains |
RE | Recycling Endosomes |
ONM | Outer nuclear membrane |
INM | Inner-nuclear-membrane |
PNS | Perinuclear Space |
NLS | Nuclear Localization Signal |
NSLS | Nuclear Speckle Localization Signal |
NES | Nuclear Export Signal |
LINC | Complex Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton complex |
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RhoGTPases | Post-Translational Modifications |
---|---|
Rac1 | Prenylation Cys189 Palmitoylation Cys178 Phosphorylation: Tyr32; Tyr64; Ser71; Thr108 Ubiquitylation: Lys147, Lys166 Sumoylation: PBR domain Glutathionylation Cys18, Cys81, Cys118, Cys157 |
Rac2 | Prenylation Cys189 S-Glutathionylation Cys157 |
Rac3 | Prenylation Cys189 Ubiquitylation Lys166 |
Cdc42 | Prenylation Cys189 Palmitoylation Cys188 Phosphorylation: Tyr32; Tyr64; Ser71 Ubiquitylation: Lys147, Lys166 |
RhoA | Prenylation Cys190 Phosphorylation: Ser26, Tyr32, Tyr66, Ser188 Ubiquitylation: Lys6, Lys7, Lys135 |
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Navarro-Lérida, I.; Sánchez-Álvarez, M.; del Pozo, M.Á. Post-Translational Modification and Subcellular Compartmentalization: Emerging Concepts on the Regulation and Physiopathological Relevance of RhoGTPases. Cells 2021, 10, 1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10081990
Navarro-Lérida I, Sánchez-Álvarez M, del Pozo MÁ. Post-Translational Modification and Subcellular Compartmentalization: Emerging Concepts on the Regulation and Physiopathological Relevance of RhoGTPases. Cells. 2021; 10(8):1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10081990
Chicago/Turabian StyleNavarro-Lérida, Inmaculada, Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez, and Miguel Ángel del Pozo. 2021. "Post-Translational Modification and Subcellular Compartmentalization: Emerging Concepts on the Regulation and Physiopathological Relevance of RhoGTPases" Cells 10, no. 8: 1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10081990
APA StyleNavarro-Lérida, I., Sánchez-Álvarez, M., & del Pozo, M. Á. (2021). Post-Translational Modification and Subcellular Compartmentalization: Emerging Concepts on the Regulation and Physiopathological Relevance of RhoGTPases. Cells, 10(8), 1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10081990