Long-Term Impact of Potassium Fertilization on Soil and Productivity in Intensive Olive Cultivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Design
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Soil Analysis
2.2.2. Leaf and Fruit Minerals Concentrations
2.2.3. Vegetative Growth Quantification
2.2.4. Flowering and Fruit Set Assessment
2.2.5. Yields
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil K Content
3.2. Leaf and Fruit Minerals Concentration
3.3. Vegetative Growth
3.4. Flowering and Fruit Set
3.5. Yields
3.6. Alternate Bearing
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil K Content
4.2. Potassium Offset
4.3. Leaf and Fruit Mineral Concentration
4.4. Vegetative and Reproductive Development
4.5. Alternate Bearing
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Annual K Fertilization | Trunk Circumference Increase | Pruning Weight | Flowering Intensity | Inflorescences Initiation a |
---|---|---|---|---|
2011–2017 | 2012–2015 | 2014–2017 | 2014–2015 | |
(kg ha−1) | (%) | (kg tree−1) | (index) | (%) |
0 | 71.8 ± 2.7 a | 36.6 ± 3.0 a | 3.00 ± 0.15 b | 35.4 ± 1.8 b |
250 b | 74.3 ± 2.8 a | 34.0 ± 2.5 a | 3.34 ± 0.11 a | 44.5 ± 3.2 a |
Annual K Fertilization | Flowers in an Inflorescence | Perfect Flowers | Pistil Weight | Fruit Set |
---|---|---|---|---|
(kg ha−1) | (No.) | (%) | (mg) | (%) |
0 | 16.1 ± 0.6 a | 56.5 ± 2.9 a | 0.72 ± 0.03 a | 5.2 ± 0.4 b |
250 a | 16.2 ± 0.5 a | 56.5 ± 3.3 a | 0.79 ± 0.04 a | 6.7 ± 0.6 a |
Annual K Fertilization | Single Fruit Weight | Oil Content | Annual Number of Fruits Per Tree | Annual Fruit Yield | Annual Oil Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013–2016 | 2013–2016 | 2013–2016 | 2013–2016 | 2013–2016 | |
(kg ha−1) | (g) | (% DW) | (No. tree−1) | (kg tree−1) | (kg tree−1) |
0 | 2.37 ± 0.08 a | 18.9 ± 0.5 a | 15,962 ± 1738 b | 27.3 ± 1.9 b | 4.5 ± 0.3 b |
250 a | 2.42 ± 0.09 a | 19.6 ± 0.6 a | 19,813 ± 1141 a | 34.0 ± 1.6 a | 5.6 ± 0.4 a |
Annual K Fertilization | Alternate Bearing Intensity a | Flowering Intensity b | Fruit Yield c |
---|---|---|---|
(kg ha−1) | (index) | (index) | (kg tree−1) |
0 | 0.72 ± 0.04 a | 1.7 ± 0.35 b | 46.1 ± 3.0 a |
250 | 0.53 ± 0.08 b | 2.9 ± 0.25 a | 44.0 ± 2.3 a |
Date: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Prior to the Initiation of the Experiment (April 2011) | Following Six Seasons of Differential Fertilization (March 2017) | |||
Annual K fertilization (kg ha−1) | ||||
K0 | K250 | K0 | K250 | |
Soil layer (cm) | ΔF (cal mol−1 K) | |||
0–30 | −3387 ± 91 a | −3176 ± 114 a | −3894 ± 43 b | −3074 ± 167 a |
30–60 | −3598 ± 63 a | −3594 ± 110 a | −3914 ± 47 b | −3412 ± 183 a |
60–90 | −3673 ± 91 a | −3759 ± 67 a | −3856 ± 31 b | −3499 ± 166 a |
0–90 a | −3552 ± 47 a | −3510 ± 77 a | −3888 ± 23 b | −3328 ± 103 a |
Change in Soil Exchangeable K (2010 to 2017) a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
K0 | K250 | |||
Soil layer (cm) | mg kg−1 | kg ha−1 | mg kg−1 | kg ha−1 |
0–30 | −75.3 | −140.3 | 202.4 | 377.4 |
30–60 | −41.3 | −77.1 | 114.3 | 213.0 |
60–90 | −28.1 | −52.3 | 21.1 | 39.3 |
0–90 b | −269.7 | 629.6 | ||
Per season c | −45.0 | 104.9 |
Annual K Fertilization (kg ha−1) | ||
---|---|---|
K0 | K250 | |
Potassium Source | Potassium Input/Offtake (kg ha−1 season−1) | |
Irrigation water | 19 | 19 |
Fertilizer | 0 | 250 |
Fruit yield | −63 | −85 |
Exchangeable K a | +45 | −105 |
Balance | 1 | 79 |
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Haberman, A.; Dag, A.; Shtern, N.; Zipori, I.; Erel, R.; Ben-Gal, A.; Yermiyahu, U. Long-Term Impact of Potassium Fertilization on Soil and Productivity in Intensive Olive Cultivation. Agronomy 2019, 9, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090525
Haberman A, Dag A, Shtern N, Zipori I, Erel R, Ben-Gal A, Yermiyahu U. Long-Term Impact of Potassium Fertilization on Soil and Productivity in Intensive Olive Cultivation. Agronomy. 2019; 9(9):525. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090525
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaberman, Amnon, Arnon Dag, Nerya Shtern, Isaac Zipori, Ran Erel, Alon Ben-Gal, and Uri Yermiyahu. 2019. "Long-Term Impact of Potassium Fertilization on Soil and Productivity in Intensive Olive Cultivation" Agronomy 9, no. 9: 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090525