An Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Soil Salinity in Combination with Field and Satellite Data: A Case Study in Sujawal District
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Geo-Reference Soil Sampling
2.3. Soil Properties Analysis Based on Spatial Mapping
2.4. Acquisition of Satellite Data and Classification of Imagery
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil Textural Classes
3.2. EC and pH Analysis
3.3. Classification of Imagery Acquired from February 1990 and February 2017
3.4. Soil Salinity Indices
3.5. Correlation between Measured EC Data and Salinity Indices
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S#No | Landsat Scene ID | Date of Acquisition | Path | Row | DOY | d | θs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | LT515204319900321SPOO | 01/02/1990 | 151 | 43 | 32 | 0.98536 | 38.963608 |
2 | LT515104319900411SPOO | 10/02/1990 | 152 | 43 | 41 | 0.98680 | 37.253531 |
3 | LC81510432017051LGN00 | 28/02/2017 | 151 | 43 | 59 | 0.98817 | 46.110403 |
4 | LC81520432017042LGN00 | 18/02/2017 | 152 | 43 | 49 | 0.98835 | 43.506486 |
Salinity Indices | Equations | References |
---|---|---|
Normal differential salinity index | NDSI = (R − NIR)/(R + NIR) | Khan et al. (2005) |
Salinity Index 1 | SI = (B − R)/(B + R) | Abbas and Khan (2007) |
Salinity index 2 | S2 = (G × R) / B | Abbas and Khan (2007) |
Parameters | Min | Max | Average | STD | CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth 0–20 cm | |||||
EC | 0.50 | 46.6 | 14.2 | 14.8 | 1.20 |
pH | 9.20 | 6.80 | 7.93 | 0.54 | 0.90 |
ESP | 1.38 | 64.58 | 26.9 | 16.3 | 1.29 |
Dry density | 1.19 | 1.35 | 1.27 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Depth 20–40 cm | |||||
EC | 0.60 | 48.0 | 11.5 | 12.8 | 1.30 |
pH | 7.10 | 9.10 | 8.02 | 0.48 | 0.80 |
ESP | 5.24 | 65.9 | 27.5 | 16.22 | 1.29 |
Dry density | 1.19 | 1.35 | 1.27 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Depths 40–60 cm | |||||
EC | 0.70 | 41.8 | 9.80 | 10.87 | 1.42 |
pH | 7.20 | 9.10 | 8.00 | 0.47 | 0.80 |
ESP | 3.66 | 65.1 | 27.5 | 15.64 | 1.32 |
Dry density | 1.17 | 1.34 | 1.26 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
Land Utilization | Area (ha) (1990) | Area (ha) (2017) | Total Geographical Area (%) (1990) | Total Geographical Area (%) (2017) | Total Difference in Geographical Area (%) between 1990 and 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetation | 315,373 | 241,379 | 36.6 | 28 | −8.6% |
Barren land | 453,884 | 492,222.3 | 52.7 | 57.1 | +4.4 |
Water bodies | 92,163.2 | 127,819.5 | 10.7 | 14.9 | +4.2 |
Total | 861,420.8 | 861,420.8 | 100 | 100 |
Parameters | NDSI | S1 | S2 |
---|---|---|---|
EC | 0.879 ** | 0.934 ** | 0.874 ** |
NDSI | - | 0.912 ** | 0.552 |
S1 | - | - | 0.685 * |
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Solangi, K.A.; Siyal, A.A.; Wu, Y.; Abbasi, B.; Solangi, F.; Lakhiar, I.A.; Zhou, G. An Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Soil Salinity in Combination with Field and Satellite Data: A Case Study in Sujawal District. Agronomy 2019, 9, 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120869
Solangi KA, Siyal AA, Wu Y, Abbasi B, Solangi F, Lakhiar IA, Zhou G. An Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Soil Salinity in Combination with Field and Satellite Data: A Case Study in Sujawal District. Agronomy. 2019; 9(12):869. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120869
Chicago/Turabian StyleSolangi, Kashif Ali, Altaf Ali Siyal, Yanyou Wu, Bilawal Abbasi, Farheen Solangi, Imran Ali Lakhiar, and Guiyao Zhou. 2019. "An Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Soil Salinity in Combination with Field and Satellite Data: A Case Study in Sujawal District" Agronomy 9, no. 12: 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120869