The Potential Role of Cobalt and/or Organic Fertilizers in Improving the Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Moringa oleifera
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Procedures
2.2. Application of Organic Fertilizers
2.3. Soil Analysis
2.4. Measurement of Plant Growth Characteristics
2.5. Analysis of the Nutritional Composition of the Plant
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth and Yield of Moringa Plants
3.2. Mineral Elements of Moringa Leaves
3.3. Nutritional Composition of Moringa Leaves
3.4. Correlation Matrix
3.5. Linear and Quadratic Response of the Total Dry Weight (TDW) to Cobalt Level
3.6. Cluster Analysis
3.7. Biplot Graph
3.8. Trait Relations (Vector Graph)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physical properties | Value | |
Particle size distribution (%) | Coarse sand | 47.78 |
Fine sand | 40.08 | |
Silt | 9.14 | |
Clay | 3.00 | |
Soil texture | Fine sand | |
Saturation (%) | 32.1 | |
Field capacity (%) | 19.2 | |
Wilting point (%) | 6.1 | |
Available moisture (%) | 13.1 | |
Chemical properties | Value | |
Calcium carbonate (%) | 4.68 | |
pH (Soil paste) | 8.9 | |
EC dS m−1 (1:2.5) | 0.44 | |
Soluble cations (meq L−1) | Ca2+ | 1.97 |
Mg2+ | 0.86 | |
Na+ | 1.13 | |
K+ | 0.42 | |
Soluble anions (meq L−1) | CO32− | - |
HCO3− | 0.10 | |
Cl− | 2.33 | |
SO42− | 1.95 | |
Available nutrients (mg kg−1) | N | 22.2 |
P | 8.0 | |
K | 72.0 | |
Fe | 4.5 | |
Mn | 2.7 | |
Zn | 4.5 | |
Cu | 5.2 | |
Cobalt (mg kg−1) | Soluble Co | 0.35 |
Available Co | 4.88 | |
Total Co | 9.88 |
Parameter | CM | FYM | Comp |
---|---|---|---|
OM (%) | 36.0 | 32.2 | 24.6 |
EC (dS m−1) | 8.85 | 8.53 | 8.78 |
pH (1:25) | 6.40 | 6.23 | 8.50 |
C:N ratio | 7.07 | 6.66 | 8.19 |
Organic N (kg t−1) | 20.3 | 19.3 | 9.5 |
Total N (kg t−1) | 29.6 | 28.1 | 13.9 |
NH4-N (kg t−1) | 9.3 | 8.8 | 4.4 |
Retained NH4-N (kg t−1) | 4.7 | 4.4 | 2.2 |
Total P (kg t−1) | 7.8 | 6.5 | 5.7 |
Total K (kg t−1) | 9.3 | 8.6 | 7.1 |
Crop available nutrients in first year (kg t−1) | |||
Available organic N | 7.5 | 7.1 | 3.5 |
Estimated crop available N | 12.2 | 11.5 | 5.7 |
Estimated crop available P2O5 | 17.1 | 14.3 | 12.5 |
Estimated crop available K2O | 10.0 | 9.3 | 7.7 |
DTPA-extractable (mg kg−1): | |||
Fe | 5.7 | 515 | 479 |
Mn | 36.2 | 31.9 | 26.0 |
Zn | 28.0 | 24.9 | 19.8 |
Cu | 34.5 | 31.1 | 25.0 |
Organic Amendment | Cobalt (mg kg−1) | Plant Height (cm) | Leaf Number per Plant | Leaf Area per Plant (cm2) | Dry Weight (g per Plant) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
60 DAS | 105 DAS | 150 DAS | TDW | |||||
CM | 0 | 74.8 ± 0.44 * h–j | 24.8 ± 0.14e–g | 1037 ± 6.1d–f | 19.4 ± 0.11j | 20.2 ± 0.12h–j | 21.3 ± 0.12e–i | 60.9 ± 0.36h–j |
2.5 | 77.9 ± 0.45gh | 27.7 ± 0.16c–e | 1103 ± 6.4c–e | 21.1 ± 0.12f–h | 21.5 ± 0.13e–h | 21.9 ± 0.13d–f | 64.5 ± 0.38e–h | |
5 | 80.4f ± 0.47g | 31.7 ± 0.19ab | 1215 ± 7.1b | 21.8 ± 0.13e–g | 22.5 ± 0.13c–f | 22.8 ± 0.13c–e | 67.0 ± 0.39d–f | |
7.5 | 94.1 ± 0.55a | 34.7 ± 0.20a | 1334 ± 7.8a | 24.2 ± 0.14a | 26.5 ± 0.16a | 28.0 ± 0.16a | 78.7 ± 0.46a | |
10 | 87.5 ± 0.51bc | 33.7 ± 0.20a | 1312 ± 7.7a | 23.1 ± 0.14a–d | 23.7 ± 0.14b–d | 24.0 ± 0.14b–d | 70.7 ± 0.41b–d | |
12.5 | 90.5 ± 0.53b | 34.7 ± 0.20a | 1340 ± 7.8a | 23.5 ± 0.14a–c | 24.1 ± 0.14bc | 24.8 ± 0.14bc | 72.3 ± 0.42bc | |
15 | 87.6 ± 0.51bc | 31.7 ± 0.19ab | 1215 ± 7.1b | 22.6 ± 0.13b–e | 23.1 ± 0.14b–e | 23.7 ± 0.14b–d | 69.3 ± 0.40b–e | |
Mean | 84.7 ± 1.5A | 31.3 ± 0.78A | 1222 ± 24.5A | 22.2 ± 0.34A | 23.1 ± 0.42A | 23.8 ± 0.46A | 69.0 ± 1.20A | |
FYM | 0 | 73.9 ± 0.43i–k | 24.8 ± 0.14e–g | 1037 ± 6.1d–f | 19.4 ± 0.11j | 20.2 ± 0.12h–j | 21.3 ± 0.12e–h | 60.9 ± 0.36h–j |
2.5 | 75.7 ± 0.44hi | 24.8 ± 0.14e–g | 1041 ± 6.1d–f | 19.7 ± 0.12ij | 20.6 ± 0.12g–i | 21.5 ± 0.13e–g | 61.8 ± 0.36g–j | |
5 | 78.3 ± 0.46gh | 25.7 ± 0.15d–g | 1059 ± 6.2d–f | 20.8 ± 0.12g–i | 21.3 ± 0.12f–h | 22.0 ± 0.13d–f | 64.1 ± 0.37f–i | |
7.5 | 82.4 ± 0.48ef | 28.7 ± 0.17b–d | 1157 ± 6.8bc | 22.3 ± 0.13c–f | 22.7 ± 0.13c–f | 23.2 ± 0.14c–e | 68.1 ± 0.40c–f | |
10 | 86.4 ± 0.50cd | 31.7 ± 0.19ab | 1301 ± 7.6a | 23.7 ± 0.14ab | 24.7 ± 0.14b | 25.6 ± 0.15b | 74.0 ± 0.43b | |
12.5 | 85.6 ± 0.50c–e | 29.7 ± 0.17bc | 1217 ± 7.1b | 22.1 ± 0.13d–f | 22.7 ± 0.13c–f | 23.1 ± 0.14c–e | 67.8 ± 0.40c–f | |
15 | 83.2 ± 0.49d–f | 26.7 ± 0.16c–f | 1110 ± 6.5cd | 21.6 ± 0.13e–g | 22.2 ± 0.13d–g | 22.8 ± 0.13ab | 66.4 ± 0.39d–g | |
Mean | 80.8 ± 1.0AB | 27.4 ± 0.55AB | 1132 ± 20.7AB | 21.4 ± 0.31AB | 22.0 ± 0.32AB | 22.7 ± 0.31C–E | 66.1 ± 0.93AB | |
Comp | 0 | 62.3 ± 0.36n | 24.8 ± 0.14e–f | 726 ± 4.2i | 14.6 ± 0.08m | 15.1 ± 0.09l | 16.0 ± 0.09l | 45.7 ± 0.27n |
2.5 | 64.9 ± 0.38mn | 19.8 ± 0.12i | 796 ± 4.6hi | 15.6 ± 0.09m | 16.1 ± 0.09kl | 16.7 ± 0.10l | 48.5 ± 0.28mn | |
5 | 67.7 ± 0.40lm | 20.8 ± 0.12hi | 872 ± 5.1g | 16.8 ± 0.10l | 17.2 ± 0.10k | 17.7 ± 0.10kl | 51.8 ± 0.30lm | |
7.5 | 71.3 ± 0.42j–l | 22.8 ± 0.13g–i | 1028 ± 6.0ef | 18.1 ± 0.11k | 18.7 ± 0.11j | 19.2 ± 0.11h–k | 56.0 ± 0.33kl | |
10 | 70.9 ± 0.41kl | 23.8 ± 0.14f–h | 1012 ± 5.9f | 19.6 ± 0.11ij | 19.6 ± 0.11ij | 20.1 ± 0.12f–j | 59.3 ± 0.35i–k | |
12.5 | 73.0 ± 0.43i–k | 25.7 ± 0.15d–g | 1080 ± 6.3d–f | 20.2 ± 0.12h–j | 20.7 ± 0.12g–i | 21.3 ± 0.12e–i | 62.2 ± 0.36g–j | |
15 | 68.7 ± 0.40l | 22.8 ± 0.13g–i | 839 ± 4.9gh | 19.4 ± 0.11j | 19.1 ± 0.11ij | 19.6 ± 0.11g–k | 58.1 ± j0.34k | |
Mean | 68.4 ± 0.8B | 22.9 ± 0.44B | 908 ± 27.7B | 17.8 ± 0.45B | 18.1 ± 0.41B | 18.7 ± 0.40B | 54.5 ± 1.25B |
Organic Amendment | Cobalt | N | P | K | Mn | Zn | Cu | Fe | Co |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg kg−1) | (g 100 g−1) | (mg kg−1) | |||||||
CM | 0 | 2.60 ± 0.02 † g–i | 0.17 ± 0.00h–j | 0.95 ± 0.01i–k | 106 ± 0.6b–e | 64 ± 0.4g | 11.6 ± 0.07e | 277 ± 1.6a | 1.34 ± 0.01fg |
2.5 | 2.73 ± 0.02f–h | 0.24 ± 0.00fg | 1.21 ± 0.01e–g | 113 ± 0.7b–d | 66 ± 0.4d–g | 12.4 ± 0.07d | 268 ± 1.6a–c | 1.66 ± 0.01e–g | |
5 | 3.50 ± 0.02b–d | 0.28 ± 0.00cd | 1.45 ± 0.01bc | 118 ± 0.7bc | 69 ± 0.4b | 13.4 ± 0.08bc | 263 ± 1.5a–d | 1.86 ± 0.01e–g | |
7.5 | 3.89 ± 0.02a | 0.32 ± 0.00ab | 1.62 ± 0.01a | 125 ± 0.7b | 71 ± 0.4a | 14.3 ± 0.08a | 248 ± 1.4c–f | 7.14 ± 0.04b | |
10 | 3.89 ± 0.02a | 0.33 ± 0.00a | 1.62 ± 0.01a | 125 ± 0.7b | 71 ± 0.4a | 14.3 ± 0.08a | 256 ± 1.5a–f | 4.31 ± 0.03c–e | |
12.5 | 3.72 ± 0.02ab | 0.32 ± 0.00a–c | 1.60 ± 0.01a | 121 ± 0.7b | 69 ± 0.4b | 13.9 ± 0.08ab | 240 ± 1.4e–g | 9.47 ± 0.06ab | |
15 | 3.56 ± 0.02bc | 0.27 ± 0.00d–f | 1.57 ± 0.01ab | 119 ± 0.7bc | 68 ± 0.4bc | 13.3 ± 0.08bc | 240 ± 1.4e–g | 11.60 ± 0.07 | |
Mean | 3.41 ± 0.11A | 0.28 ± 0.01A | 1.43 ± 0.05A | 118 ± 1.4AB | 68 ± 0.6A | 13.3 ± 0.21A | 256 ± 3.0AB | 5.34 ± 0.86AB | |
FYM | 0 | 2.60 ± 0.02g–i | 0.17 ± 0.00ij | 0.95 ± 0.01i–k | 106 ± 0.6b–e | 64 ± 0.4g | 11.6 ± 0.07e | 277 ± 1.6a | 1.34 ± 0.01fg |
2.5 | 2.65 ± 0.02gh | 0.19 ± 0.00hi | 1.08 ± 0.01g–i | 108 ± 0.6b–e | 65 ± fg | 12.4 ± 0.07d | 275 ± 1.6a | 1.46 ± 0.01fg | |
5 | 2.99 ± 0.02ef | 0.21 ± 0.00hi | 1.13 ± 0.01f–h | 111 ± 0.7b–d | 66 ± 0.4d–f | 13.1 ± 0.08c | 267 ± 1.6a–d | 4.14 ± 0.02c–f | |
7.5 | 3.24 ± 0.02de | 0.24 ± 0.00ef | 1.26 ± 0.01d–f | 164 ± 1.0a | 67 ± 0.4c–d | 13.7 ± 0.08a–c | 261 ± 1.5a–e | 6.83 ± 0.04bc | |
10 | 3.56 ± 0.02bc | 0.29 ± 0.00b–d | 1.39 ± 0.01cd | 166 ± 1.0a | 67 ± 0.4cd | 13.9 ± 0.08ab | 245 ± 1.4d–f | 10.28 ± 0.06a | |
12.5 | 3.56 ± 0.02bc | 0.30 ± 0.00a–d | 1.44 ± 0.01c | 168 ± 1.0a | 68 ± 0.4bc | 14.2 ± 0.08a | 255 ± 1.5a–f | 9.19 ± 0.05ab | |
15 | 3.42 ± 0.02cd | 0.28 ± 0.00de | 1.33 ± 0.01c–e | 162 ± 1.0a | 65 ± 0.4e–g | 13.3 ± 0.08bc | 252 ± 1.5b–f | 11.42 ± 0.07a | |
Mean | 3.14 ± 0.08AB | 0.24 ± 0.01AB | 1.22 ± 0.04AB | 141 ± 6.2A | 66 ± 0.3AB | 13.3 ± 0.19A | 262 ± 2.5A | 6.38 ± 0.86A | |
Comp | 0 | 2.08 ± 0.01j | 0.13 ± 0.00j | 0.76 ± 0.01l | 85 ± 0.5ef | 51 ± 0.3j | 9.3 ± 0.05h | 221 ± 1.3g | 1.07 ± 0.01g |
2.5 | 2.37 ± 0.01ij | 0.16 ± 0.00ij | 0.85 ± 0.01kl | 78 ± 0.5f | 53 ± 0.3ij | 8.9 ± 0.05h | 273 ± 1.6ab | 1.43 ± 0.01fg | |
5 | 2.50 ± 0.01hi | 0.17 ± 0.00ij | 0.91 ± 0.01j–l | 82 ± 0.5ef | 54 ± 0.3i | 9.3 ± 0.05h | 263 ± 1.5a–d | 1.66 ± 0.01e–g | |
7.5 | 2.73 ± 0.02f–h | 0.19 ± 0.00hi | 0.97 ± 0.01i–k | 88d ± 0.5–f | 57 ± 0.3h | 10.0 ± 0.06g | 257 ± 1.5a–f | 4.11 ± 0.02c–f | |
10 | 2.86 ± 0.02fg | 0.24 ± 0.00fg | 1.07 ± 0.01g–i | 95c ± 0.6–f | 57 ± 0.3h | 10.5 ± 0.06fg | 238 ± 1.4fg | 10.16 ± 0.05a | |
12.5 | 2.99 ± 0.02ef | 0.24 ± 0.00fg | 1.07 ± 0.01g–i | 95 ± 0.6c–f | 58 ± 0.3h | 11.0 ± 0.06ef | 245 ± 1.4d–f | 6.80 ± 0.04bd | |
15 | 2.75 ± 0.02f–h | 0.23 ± 0.00fg | 1.01 ± 0.01h–j | 91 ± 0.5d–f | 54 ± 0.3i | 10.2 ± 0.06g | 234 ± 1.4fg | 11.2 ± 0.076a | |
Mean | 2.61 ± 0.07B | 0.19 ± 0.01B | 0.95 ± 0.02B | 88 ± 1.3B | 55 ± 0.5B | 9.8 ± 0.15B | 247 ± 3.7B | 5.2 ± 0.881B |
Organic fertilizer | Cobalt | Proteins | Total Carbohydrates | Total Soluble Solids | Total Phenolics | Carotenoids | Vitamin C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg kg−1) | (g 100 g−1 FW) | (g 100 g−1 FW) | (mg 100 g−1 FW) | ||||
CM | 0 | 8.5 ± 0.05 † g–i | 25.8 ± 0.15e | 32.2 ± 0.19d | 2.00 ± 0.01ij | 12.0 ± 0.07h | 18.7 ± 0.11d–f |
2.5 | 9.0 ± 0.05f–h | 26.6 ± 0.16de | 32.6 ± 0.19cd | 2.06 ± 0.01g–i | 12.9 ± 0.08fg | 19.1 ± 0.11c–e | |
5 | 11.5 ± 0.07bc | 27.1 ± 0.16cd | 33.2 ± 0.19a–d | 2.17 ± 0.01e–g | 13.7 ± 0.08b–e | 19.7 ± 0.12a–d | |
7.5 | 12.8 ± 0.07a | 29.3 ± 0.17a | 34.7 ± 0.20a | 2.48 ± 0.01a | 14.8 ± 0.09a | 20.8 ± 0.12a | |
10 | 12.8 ± 0.07a | 28.4 ± 0.17ab | 33.9 ± 0.20a–c | 2.42 ± 0.01a–c | 14.2 ± 0.08a–c | 20.3 ± 0.12a–c | |
12.5 | 12.3 ± 0.07ab | 27.9 ± 0.16bc | 33.5 ± 0.20a–d | 2.31 ± 0.01cd | 13.9 ± 0.08b–d | 19.6 ± 0.11a–e | |
15 | 11.7 ± 0.07bc | 27. 7 ± 0.16bc | 32.3 ± 0.19d | 2.27 ± 0.01d–f | 13.5 ± 0.08d–f | 18.4 ± 0.11e–g | |
Mean | 11.2 ± 0.37A | 27.6 ± 0.24A | 33.2 ± 0.20A | 2.2 ± 0.044A | 13.6 ± 0.19A | 19.5 ± 0.18A | |
FYM | 0 | 8.5 ± 0.05g–i | 25.7 ± 0.15e | 32.2 ± 0.19d | 2.00 ± 0.01ij | 11.9 ± 0.07h | 18.7 ± 0.11d–f |
2.5 | 8.7 ± 0.05gh | 26.4 ± 0.15de | 32.3 ± 0.19d | 2.04 ± 0.01hi | 12.7 ± 0.07g | 18.9 ± 0.11d–f | |
5 | 9.8 ± 0.06ef | 26.9 ± 0.16cd | 33.0 ± 0.19b–d | 2.15 ± 0.01e–h | 13.1 ± 0.08e–g | 19.5 ± 0.11b–e | |
7.5 | 10.6 ± 0.06de | 27.7 ± 0.16bc | 33.5 ± 0.20a–d | 2.27 ± 0.01de | 13.6 ± 0.08c–e | 19.8 ± 0.12a–d | |
10 | 11.7 ± 0.07bc | 29.3 ± 0.17a | 34.2 ± 0.20ab | 2.44 ± 0.01ab | 14.3 ± 0.08ab | 20.6 ± 0.12ab | |
12.5 | 11.7 ± 0.07bc | 28.2 ± 0.17b | 33.6 ± 0.20a–d | 2.38 ± 0.01a–d | 13.1 ± 0.08e–g | 18.8 ± 0.11d–f | |
15 | 11.3 ± 0.07cd | 27.6 ± 0.16bc | 32.8 ± 0.19b–d | 2.33 ± 0.01b–d | 12.5 ± 0.07gh | 17.8 ± 0.10f–h | |
Mean | 10.3 ± 0.28B | 27.4 ± 0.25A | 33.1 ± 0.16A | 2.23 ± 0.04A | 13.0 ± 0.17A | 19.2 ± 0.19A | |
Comp | 0 | 6.4 ± 0.04j | 19.4 ± 0.11i | 23.4 ± 0.14i | 1.49 ± 0.01l | 8.9 ± 0.05k | 14.0 ± 0.08i |
2.5 | 7.8 ± 0.05i | 20.3 ± 0.12hi | 25.9 ± 0.15h | 1.76 ± 0.01k | 9.1 ± 0.05k | 15.2 ± 0.09i | |
5 | 8.2 ± 0.05hi | 21.5 ± 0.13g | 27.7 ± 0.16fg | 1.90 ± 0.01j | 10.0 ± 0.06j | 16.6 ± 0.10h | |
7.5 | 9.0 ± 0.05f–h | 23.0 ± 0.13f | 28.4 ± 0.17ef | 1.95 ± 0.01ij | 10.5 ± 0.06ij | 16.8 ± 0.10h | |
10 | 9.4 ± 0.05fg | 21.3 ± 0.12g | 28.4 ± 0.17ef | 2.00 ± 0.01ij | 10.8 ± 0.06i | 17.0 ± 0.10h | |
12.5 | 9.8 ± 0.06ef | 22.6 ± 0.13f | 29.3 ± 0.17e | 2.03 ± 0.01hi | 11.1 ± 0.06i | 17.4 ± 0.10gh | |
15 | 9.0 ± 0.05f–h | 20.7g ± 0.12h | 26.5 ± 0.16gh | 2.00 ± 0.01 ij | 10.5 ± 0.06ij | 16.7 ± 0.10h | |
Mean | 8.5 ± 0.24C | 21.2 ± 0.26B | 27.1 ± 0.42B | 1.88 ± 0.04B | 10.1 ± 0.17B | 16.3 ± 0.25B |
PH | TLNo | TLA | N | P | K | LNo | LA | Cu | Fe | Co | Pro | TC | TSS | TP | Cars | VIT-C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PH | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
TLNo | 0.915 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||||
TLA | 0.955 ** | 0.904 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||||
N | 0.938 ** | 0.892 ** | 0.924 ** | 1 | |||||||||||||
P | 0.881 ** | 0.869 ** | 0.878 ** | 0.965 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||
K | 0.952 ** | 0.933 ** | 0.921 ** | 0.971 ** | 0.948 ** | 1 | |||||||||||
Mn | 0.744 ** | 0.627 ** | 0.691 ** | 0.694 ** | 0.657 ** | 0.653 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
Zn | 0.928 ** | 0.856 ** | 0.916 ** | 0.826 ** | 0.755 ** | 0.862 ** | 0.719 ** | 1 | |||||||||
Cu | 0.948 ** | 0.882 ** | 0.915 ** | 0.878 ** | 0.827 ** | 0.893 ** | 0.822 ** | 0.970 ** | 1 | ||||||||
Fe | −0.045 ns | −0.241 ns | 0.009 ns | −0.190 ns | −0.280 ns | −0.176 ns | 0.001 ns | 0.223 ns | 0.059 ns | 1 | |||||||
Co | 0.480 ns | 0.375 ns | 0.404 ns | 0.585 ** | 0.624 ** | 0.517 * | 0.496 * | 0.223 ns | 0.379 ns | −0.608 ** | 1 | ||||||
Pro | 0.938 ** | 0.878 ** | 0.927 ** | 0.999 ** | 0.963 ** | 0.967 ** | 0.691 ** | 0.829 ** | 0.877 ** | −0.160 ns | 0.585 ** | 1 | |||||
TC | 0.928 ** | 0.813 ** | 0.903 ** | 0.803 ** | 0.718 ** | 0.823 ** | 0.802 ** | 0.976 ** | 0.963 ** | 0.234 ns | 0.262 ns | 0.806 ** | 1 | ||||
TSS | 0.889 ** | 0.750 ** | 0.900 ** | 0.773 ** | 0.698 ** | 0.779 ** | 0.748 ** | 0.967 ** | 0.935 ** | 0.337 ns | 0.225 ns | 0.784 ** | 0.975 ** | 1 | |||
TP | 0.943 ** | 0.793 ** | 0.920 ** | 0.938 ** | 0.896 ** | 0.899 ** | 0.791 ** | 0.870 ** | 0.912 ** | 0.015 ns | 0.568 ** | 0.947 ** | 0.888 ** | 0.885 ** | 1 | ||
Cars | 0.945 ** | 0.883 ** | 0.938 ** | 0.860 ** | 0.803 ** | 0.884 ** | 0.733 ** | 0.976 ** | 0.971 ** | 0.115 ns | 0.316 ns | 0.862 ** | 0.964 ** | 0.954 ** | 0.908 ** | 1 | |
VIT-C | 0.857 ** | 0.765 ** | 0.892 ** | 0.765 ** | 0.708 ** | 0.765 ** | 0.656 ** | 0.931 ** | 0.898 ** | 0.285 ns | 0.195 ns | 0.776 ** | 0.922 ** | 0.959 ** | 0.869 ** | 0.961 ** | 1 |
TDW | 0.965 ** | 0.883 ** | 0.956 ** | 0.916 ** | 0.883 ** | 0.909 ** | 0.731 ** | 0.915 ** | 0.937 ** | −0.031 ns | 0.501 * | 0.920 ** | 0.910 ** | 0.907 ** | 0.955 ** | 0.961 ** | 0.917 ** |
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Gad, N.; Sekara, A.; Abdelhamid, M.T. The Potential Role of Cobalt and/or Organic Fertilizers in Improving the Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Moringa oleifera. Agronomy 2019, 9, 862. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120862
Gad N, Sekara A, Abdelhamid MT. The Potential Role of Cobalt and/or Organic Fertilizers in Improving the Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Moringa oleifera. Agronomy. 2019; 9(12):862. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120862
Chicago/Turabian StyleGad, Nadia, Agnieszka Sekara, and Magdi T. Abdelhamid. 2019. "The Potential Role of Cobalt and/or Organic Fertilizers in Improving the Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Moringa oleifera" Agronomy 9, no. 12: 862. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120862