Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources and Application Timing Affects Wheat and Inter-Seeded Red Clover Yields on Claypan Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Management
Soil test and Management Practices | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Type † | Putnam | Putnam | Kilwinning | Putnam |
Surface drainage | Poor | Moderate | Excellent | Moderate |
Soil test values | - | - | - | - |
Soil organic matter (g kg−1) | 28 | 32 | 30 | 22 |
Cation exchange capacity (cmolc kg−1) | 13.1 | 15.2 | 17.8 | 15.7 |
pH (0.01 M CaCl2) | 6.4 | 7.0 | 5.6 | 6.8 |
Bray I P (kg ha−1) | 20 | 40 | 131 | 27 |
Exchangeable (1 M NH4AOc) | - | - | - | - |
K (kg ha−1) | 198 | 349 | 696 | 255 |
Ca (kg ha−1) | 4440 | 5930 | 4845 | 5970 |
Mg (kg ha−1) | 386 | 427 | 586 | 430 |
Plot size (m) | 3 by 13.7 | 3 by 13.7 | 3 by 9.1 | 3 by 9.1 |
Replications | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 |
Wheat biomass and tissue N sampling | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Planting date | 23 October 2003 | 8 November 2004 | 1 October 2005 | 6 October 2006 |
Seeding rate (kg ha−1) | 170 | 170 | 160 | 160 |
Maintenance Fertilizer | - | - | - | - |
Rate (N-P-K kg ha−1) | 12-62-56 | 0-0-0 | 0-0-0 | 9-45-56 |
Fall N application | 1 November 2003 | 3 December 2004 | 11 October 2005 | 2 November 2006 |
Wheat height (cm) | 1–3 | 1–3 | 3 | 1–3 |
Zadoks Stage [31] | Z11 | Z12 | Z11 | Z12 |
Spring split-N application ‡ | 19 March | 4 March | 28 February | 23 February |
Wheat height (cm) | 5–10 | 1–3 | 4–8 | 1–3 |
Zadoks Stage [31] | Z22 | Z20 | Z21 | Z21 |
Wheat biomass harvest date | 28 June | 22 June | 28 June | 26 June |
Wheat grain harvest date | 2 July | 29 June | 1 July | 30 June |
Frost-seeded clover seeding date | 19 March | 8 March | 27 February | 23 February |
Seeding rate (kg ha−1) | 9 | 8.4 | 16 | 9 |
Forage harvest date | 29 July | 27 July | 27 July | 28 July |
2.2. Fall-Applied N Sources and N Rates
2.3. N Sources and Timing
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Urea Released from PCU
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fall-Applied N Sources and N Rates
Fall applied | Wheat Biomass | Wheat Grain | Wheat | Wheat N Uptake | Red Clover Biomass | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N source | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | Moisture | Tissue N | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
(Mg ha−1) | (g kg−1) | (g kg−1) | (kg ha−1) | (Mg ha−1) | ||||||||||
AN | 4.01 | 8.44 | 9.71 | 7.01 | 141 | 8.9 | 40.0 | 74.9 | 48.0 | 87.1 | 1.91 | 2.44 | 1.90 | 3.01 |
PCU | 4.74 | 9.79 | 8.45 | 7.15 | 141 | 9.2 | 49.6 | 95.7 | 45.1 | 79.7 | 1.94 | 2.44 | 2.39 | 2.85 |
UAN | 3.95 | 8.11 | 8.53 | 6.34 | 142 | 8.9 | 41.4 | 75.9 | 42.4 | 72.2 | 1.84 | 2.45 | 2.81 | 3.20 |
Urea | 4.03 | 7.02 | 9.24 | 7.03 | 142 | 8.8 | 42.2 | 61.5 | 45.1 | 83.4 | 1.93 | 2.45 | 2.17 | 2.92 |
Urea + NBPT | 3.88 | 7.50 | 8.79 | 7.00 | 142 | 9.0 | 39.9 | 64.7 | 48.3 | 81.5 | 1.85 | 2.45 | 1.88 | 2.80 |
LSD (p = 0.05) † | 1.04 | NS‡ | NS | 12.0 | 0.39 |
Fall applied | Wheat Biomass | Wheat Grain | Wheat | Wheat | Red Clover Biomass | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N Rates | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | Moisture | Tissue N | N Uptake | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
(kg N ha−1) | (Mg ha−1) | (g kg−1) | (g kg−1) | (kg ha−1) | (Mg ha−1) | ||||||
0 | 3.49 | 6.37 | 6.23 | 4.72 | 142 | 8.4 | 40.5 | 1.78 | 2.45 | 2.57 | 3.20 |
56 | 4.25 | 8.64 | 9.21 | 7.10 | 142 | 8.7 | 58.6 | 1.93 | 2.45 | 2.56 | 3.11 |
84 | 4.45 | 8.81 | 10.24 | 7.85 | 140 | 9.2 | 65.6 | 1.95 | 2.45 | 2.29 | 2.69 |
112 | 4.30 | 8.88 | 10.10 | 7.96 | 142 | 9.7 | 70.4 | 1.93 | 2.44 | 2.63 | 2.83 |
LSD (p = 0.05) † | 0.93 | NS ‡ | 0.5 | 4.8 | 0.35 |
3.2. N Sources and Timing
3.3. Urea Released from PCU
N Sources | Wheat | Wheat Grain | Wheat | Wheat | Red Clover Biomass | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomass | Moisture | Tissue N | N Uptake | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | |
(Mg ha−1) | (g kg−1) | (g kg−1) | (kg ha−1) | (Mg ha−1) | ||||
AN | 8.93 | 140 | 9.9 | 79.5 | 1.95 | 2.41 | 1.22 | 2.93 |
PCU | 8.47 | 141 | 10.5 | 86.3 | 1.96 | 2.39 | 1.81 | 2.44 |
UAN | 8.08 | 142 | 9.8 | 69.7 | 1.90 | 2.43 | 2.64 | 3.24 |
Urea | 8.50 | 141 | 9.2 | 66.0 | 2.01 | 2.44 | 1.33 | 2.96 |
Urea + NBPT | 8.70 | 141 | 9.4 | 72.2 | 1.88 | 2.42 | 1.04 | 2.76 |
LSD (p = 0.05) † | NS ‡ | NS | 0.7 | 10.5 | 0.54 |
N Application | Wheat Biomass | Wheat Grain | Wheat Tissue N | Wheat N Uptake | Red Clover | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Timing | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | Moisture | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | Biomass |
(Mg ha−1) | (g kg−1) | (g kg−1) | (kg ha−1) | (Mg ha−1) | ||||||||||
Fall (112 kg N ha−1) | 4.57 | 8.88 | 10.04 | 7.93 | 142 | 11.3 | 9.4 | 6.1 | 13.0 | 46.3 | 87.1 | 60.7 | 102.0 | 2.18 |
Split† (28:84 kg N ha−1) | 4.83 | 11.65 | 11.08 | 7.55 | 141 | 12.6 | 9.7 | 5.6 | 12.7 | 53.8 | 115.6 | 58.2 | 100.6 | 2.27 |
LSD (p = 0.05) ‡ | 1.12 | NS § | 0.7 | 11.4 | NS |
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Nelson, K.A.; Motavalli, P.P.; Nathan, M. Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources and Application Timing Affects Wheat and Inter-Seeded Red Clover Yields on Claypan Soils. Agronomy 2014, 4, 497-513. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy4040497
Nelson KA, Motavalli PP, Nathan M. Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources and Application Timing Affects Wheat and Inter-Seeded Red Clover Yields on Claypan Soils. Agronomy. 2014; 4(4):497-513. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy4040497
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson, Kelly A., Peter P. Motavalli, and Manjula Nathan. 2014. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources and Application Timing Affects Wheat and Inter-Seeded Red Clover Yields on Claypan Soils" Agronomy 4, no. 4: 497-513. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy4040497