This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Open AccessArticle
Seasonal Patterns in Yield and Gas Emissions of Greenhouse Tomatoes Under Different Fertilization Levels with Irrigation–Aeration Coupling
by
Yanan Sun
Yanan Sun
Huayu Zhong
Huayu Zhong
Huanjie Cai
Huanjie Cai
Jiatun Xu
Jiatun Xu
Zhijun Li
Zhijun Li
1
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
2
College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2025, 15(9), 2026; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092026 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 25 July 2025
/
Revised: 21 August 2025
/
Accepted: 22 August 2025
/
Published: 23 August 2025
Abstract
Optimizing aeration, fertilization, and irrigation is vital for improving greenhouse tomato production while mitigating soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study investigated the combined effects of three aeration levels (A1: single Venturi, A2: double Venturi, CK: no aeration), two fertilization rates (F1: 180 kg/ha, F2: 240 kg/ha), and two irrigation levels (I1: 0.8 Epan, I2: 1.0 Epan) on tomato yield, CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions, net GHG emissions, net global warming potential (NGWP), and GHG intensity (GHGI) across Spring–Summer and Autumn–Winter seasons. Results showed that aeration and fertilization significantly increased CO2 and N2O emissions but reduced CH4 emissions. Warmer conditions in Spring–Summer elevated all GHG emissions and yield compared to Autumn–Winter seasons. Tomato yield, net GHG emissions, NGWP, and GHGI were 12.05%, 24.3%, 14.46%, and 2.37% higher, respectively, in Spring–Summer. Combining the Maximal Information Coefficient and TOPSIS models, the optimal practice was A1-F1-I1 in Spring–Summer and A2-F1-I1 in Autumn–Winter seasons. These results provide a theoretical basis for selecting climate-smart management strategies that enhance yield and environmental sustainability in greenhouse tomato systems.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Sun, Y.; Zhong, H.; Cai, H.; Xu, J.; Li, Z.
Seasonal Patterns in Yield and Gas Emissions of Greenhouse Tomatoes Under Different Fertilization Levels with Irrigation–Aeration Coupling. Agronomy 2025, 15, 2026.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092026
AMA Style
Sun Y, Zhong H, Cai H, Xu J, Li Z.
Seasonal Patterns in Yield and Gas Emissions of Greenhouse Tomatoes Under Different Fertilization Levels with Irrigation–Aeration Coupling. Agronomy. 2025; 15(9):2026.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092026
Chicago/Turabian Style
Sun, Yanan, Huayu Zhong, Huanjie Cai, Jiatun Xu, and Zhijun Li.
2025. "Seasonal Patterns in Yield and Gas Emissions of Greenhouse Tomatoes Under Different Fertilization Levels with Irrigation–Aeration Coupling" Agronomy 15, no. 9: 2026.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092026
APA Style
Sun, Y., Zhong, H., Cai, H., Xu, J., & Li, Z.
(2025). Seasonal Patterns in Yield and Gas Emissions of Greenhouse Tomatoes Under Different Fertilization Levels with Irrigation–Aeration Coupling. Agronomy, 15(9), 2026.
https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092026
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details
here.
Article Metrics
Article Access Statistics
For more information on the journal statistics, click
here.
Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
