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Agronomy
Volume 15
Issue 5
10.3390/agronomy15051212
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Article

Sodium Chloride Enhances Nitrogen Use Efficiency but Reduces Yield Benefits Under Elevated CO2 in Upland Rice

by
Daniel Amorim Vieira
1,†,
Mayra Alejandra Toro-Herrera
1,
João Paulo Pennacchi
1,
Marília Mickaele Pinheiro Carvalho
2,
Flavia Barbosa Silva Botelho
3,
Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro Marchiori
1 and
João Paulo Rodrigues Alves Delfino Barbosa
1,*
1
Department of Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
2
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa)—Semi-Arid, BR-428 Highway, Km 152, Rural Zone, Petrolina 56302-970, PE, Brazil
3
Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
This study was related to the Doctor’s Thesis of Daniel Amorim Vieira under the supervision of João Paulo Rodrigues Alves Delfino Barbosa, presented at the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Brazil.
Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051212
Submission received: 1 April 2025 / Revised: 9 May 2025 / Accepted: 13 May 2025 / Published: 16 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Climate-change-driven elevation of atmospheric CO2 (e[CO2]) disrupts rice physiology by impairing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and leaf carbon balance. This study investigated how sodium chloride (NaCl) amendment modulates these processes in upland rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. CMG 2085) under current (400 μmol mol−1) and elevated (700 μmol mol−1) CO2 concentrations. Using a randomized block design with factorial treatments (CO2 × NaCl), we analyzed leaf nutrients, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and yield parameters. Our findings revealed that 3 mmol L−1 NaCl under ambient CO2 (1) reduced photorespiration by half, (2) increased grain yield, and (3) enhanced leaf area despite lower leaf N content, indicating improved NUE. Conversely, under e[CO2], NaCl supplementation decreased rice yield by 15%, demonstrating CO2-dependent reversal of sodium benefits. Photosynthetic modeling showed higher Vcmax and J values at ambient CO2, while e[CO2] increased J/Vcmax, suggesting altered nitrogen allocation to photosynthetic reactions. These results demonstrate that applying low-dose NaCl (3 mmol L−1) can optimize carbon and nitrogen economy under current CO2 concentrations, although its efficacy diminishes under e[CO2]. These findings support climate-resilient cultivation strategies for upland rice in tropical and subtropical regions where mild salinity can be used to enhance nitrogen use efficiency and yield under present-day atmospheric conditions.
Keywords: sodium fertilization; climate change; Oryza sativa L.; photorespiration; photosynthetic responses; climate-smart agriculture sodium fertilization; climate change; Oryza sativa L.; photorespiration; photosynthetic responses; climate-smart agriculture

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vieira, D.A.; Toro-Herrera, M.A.; Pennacchi, J.P.; Carvalho, M.M.P.; Botelho, F.B.S.; Marchiori, P.E.R.; Barbosa, J.P.R.A.D. Sodium Chloride Enhances Nitrogen Use Efficiency but Reduces Yield Benefits Under Elevated CO2 in Upland Rice. Agronomy 2025, 15, 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051212

AMA Style

Vieira DA, Toro-Herrera MA, Pennacchi JP, Carvalho MMP, Botelho FBS, Marchiori PER, Barbosa JPRAD. Sodium Chloride Enhances Nitrogen Use Efficiency but Reduces Yield Benefits Under Elevated CO2 in Upland Rice. Agronomy. 2025; 15(5):1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051212

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vieira, Daniel Amorim, Mayra Alejandra Toro-Herrera, João Paulo Pennacchi, Marília Mickaele Pinheiro Carvalho, Flavia Barbosa Silva Botelho, Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro Marchiori, and João Paulo Rodrigues Alves Delfino Barbosa. 2025. "Sodium Chloride Enhances Nitrogen Use Efficiency but Reduces Yield Benefits Under Elevated CO2 in Upland Rice" Agronomy 15, no. 5: 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051212

APA Style

Vieira, D. A., Toro-Herrera, M. A., Pennacchi, J. P., Carvalho, M. M. P., Botelho, F. B. S., Marchiori, P. E. R., & Barbosa, J. P. R. A. D. (2025). Sodium Chloride Enhances Nitrogen Use Efficiency but Reduces Yield Benefits Under Elevated CO2 in Upland Rice. Agronomy, 15(5), 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051212

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