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Article

Monitoring of Pod Dehiscence and Non-Shedding of Soybean Varieties and Hybrid Populations in Kazakhstan

by
Svetlana Didorenko
1,
Islambek Sagit
2,
Rinat Kassenov
1,
Almagul Dalibayeva
1,
Rauan Zhapayev
1,
Gulya Kunypiyaeva
1,
Aigul Zhapparova
2,
Rystay Kushanova
1 and
Elmira Saljnikov
3,*
1
Oilseeds Laboratory, Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, Erlepesova 1, Almalybak Vill., Karasai Dist., Almaty 040909, Kazakhstan
2
Faculty of Agrobiology, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Abai Avenue 8, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
3
Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Viseslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040969
Submission received: 22 March 2025 / Revised: 14 April 2025 / Accepted: 14 April 2025 / Published: 16 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)
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Abstract

:
Soybeans are a major global commodity. A major challenge in soybean production is premature bean cracking, which leads to seed shedding and crop loss. Consistent breeding efforts are being made to minimize seed shedding in soybeans worldwide. Soybean breeding for increased abdominal suture strength has not resulted in varieties that are guaranteed to be resistant to premature cracking. Therefore, for further study of the issue, the study of the structural features of the soybean hilum is of practical interest. The trait of fusion of the seed hilum with the pod safe seeds from shedding. The paper presents studies of a soybean collection based on cracking features and resistance to seeds shedding. The largest number of cracking forms were found in the varieties of the first four maturity groups (000, 00, 0 and I). A positive correlation was observed between the cracking and non-shedding seeds traits (r = 0.48). The trait of fusion of the seed hilum with the pod valves turned out to be dominant. Our findings suggest that this trait may be influenced by a single gene or exhibit intermediate inheritance, but further genetic analysis is needed. The average yields of the control nursery numbers with a fused seed stalk (4.36 t/ha) are lower than the average yields of numbers without this trait (4.75 t/ha).

1. Introduction

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is a unique and valuable crop worldwide with multifunctional value and unique seed composition. This crop one of the most promising in the world in terms of vegetable protein content and its use in food production and livestock farming [1,2,3,4,5]. Soybean seeds contains up to 40–42% protein with a full set of amino acids, up to 20–25% fat, up to 25% carbohydrates, as well as a large number of vitamins and mineral salts [6,7].
At different latitudes, soybean genotypes adapt to local climatic conditions through selection of traits such as productivity, resistance to drought, heat and disease [8,9]. During the adaptation process, soybeans acquire a number of genes resistant to the destruction of certain traits, which disrupts the evolutionarily conservative mechanism of seed dispersal [10]. One of the most common and major obstacles in soybean production worldwide is premature bean opening and seeds shedding, which results in yield losses of 10 to 70% depending on harvesting time, environmental conditions and the genetic characteristics of the variety [11]. Pod cracking is the opening of the pod wall to release the seeds, which is caused by a complex of closely interrelated genetic and environmental factors [12,13,14,15]. The problem of pods cracking has existed since the beginning of domestication of the wild ancestor of soybeans and remains relevant today [16]. Therefore, the timing of soybean harvest is of a crucial importance [16]. However, uneven ripening of pods (ripening begins with the lower pods and spreads to the upper nodes) causes cracking of the lower pods before the harvest [17].
Changes in air temperature and precipitation distribution have a noticeable effect on soybean during the periods of filling and ripening of pods [18,19,20,21]. Botanical study of the selection of varieties is associated with an increase in the thickness of the valves, the size and width of the gap filled with parenchyma between the valves in the area of the sclerenchymatous bundles of the ventral suture, as well as with an increase in the thickness, width and shape of the sclerenchymatous bundles of the ventral suture and midrib, which shows the tendency of soybeans to premature opening of pods is determined by the strength of their ventral sutures [22,23].
The pod position in the lower part is more susceptible (27.36% cracked pods) compared to the middle (18.99% cracked pods) and the upper part (17.03% cracked pods) of the soybean plant. In terms of physiological maturity, the pods in the lower part mature earlier than the pods in the middle and upper parts [24]. It has been suggested that soybean genotypes with more concentrated pod arrangement in the upper and middle parts may have less destroyed pods [24].
Screening of scientific papers on resistance to pod cracking and seed shedding shows variation depending on genotype and indicates that pod shatter resistance is genetically controlled and inherited. Despite an impressive body of research, soybean breeding for increased abdominal suture strength has not yet resulted in varieties that are guaranteed to be resistant to premature cracking. In this regard, the search for new features that regulate this phenomenon remains relevant, such as the structural features of the main tissues (valves) of soybeans, which are of practical interest.
One of the morphological and anatomical features of non-shedding seeds varieties is the presence of an eye on the seed hilum, formed as a result of the tight fusion of the pod valves and the seed hilum [25]. Soybean genotypes resistant to shedding can be used as donors in breeding programs [26]. The aim of the research was to create linear soybean material resistant to pod cracking and seed shedding in the climatic zone of Southern Kazakhstan, Almaty region. In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set: To study the soybean collection for the traits of pod cracking and non-shedding seed. To study the nature of inheritance of varieties and hybrids with non-shedding seed. To create soybean lines resistant to seed shedding.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Description of the Soy Varieties Studied

The varieties of domestic selection, as well as the world collections provided by (1) The Grain Legume Crops Department of the Research Institute of Soybeans, Russia, (2) The Breeding and Seed-growing enterprise “Eko- Niva Semena” and (3) The Research Institute of Soybeans, Ukraine, were used for the research. In the collection nursery, 428 variety samples from 33 countries of the world were studied (Table 1). In addition, local hybrid populations and breeding numbers of soybeans of the laboratory of oilseed crops of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing (Almaty, Kazakhstan) were studied.
These populations and numbers are created annually by intervarietal hybridization from crossing with crack-resistant and non-resistant, as well as shattering and non- shattering forms (Table 2).

2.2. Climatic Characteristics of the Research Area

The research was conducted at the experimental field near the Kaskelen town, in Almaty region. The area is located at an altitude of 740 m above sea level. The frost-free period lasts about 170–180 days, which makes it possible to evaluate collection material with a wide range of growing periods from ultra-early to late-ripening varieties (85–165 days). The amount of precipitation during the growing season in this area is insufficient to study this crop without irrigation. Therefore, drip irrigation is organized in the summer season. The average temperatures of the summer months are 23–26 °C.
The research was conducted during six years from 2019 to 2024. The 2021, 2022 and 2023 years were dry with 210.4; 253.5 and 282.2 mm of precipitation fell during the growing season, respectively, while the long-term average is 366.3 mm (Figure 1). Also, 2021 and 2022 were characterized by elevated temperatures, having accumulated from May to September the sum of positive temperatures at 3485 and 3473 °C (Figure 2).

2.3. Sowing Practices and Phenological Observations

Sowing was carried out in the third ten-day period of April under favorable weather conditions. Collection samples were sown manually to a depth of 4 cm with a seeding rate of 25 seeds per 1 linear meter of the plot. The control nursery and the competitive variety testing nursery were sown mechanically on a plot of 25 m2 with a seeding rate of 600 thousand seeds per hectare in three replicates.
Phenological observations were carried out every two days. The main phases of development recorded were: germination, flowering, bean formation, bean filling, and ripening [25]. Irrigation was carried out from the third ten-day period of June to the second ten-day period of August with an interval of 10 days. The degree of cracking and shattering was determined as the variety samples matured from the beginning of ripening and overripening on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th day after ripening [27]. The following points were assigned for resistance to cracking and shattering: 5 points—0%; 4 points—1–20%; 3 points—20–40%; 2 points—40–60%; 1 point—60–80%; 0 points—80–100%.
Morphological assessment of the degree of attachment of the seed hilum to the seed was carried out by the presence of a characteristic ‘white eye’ on the seed hilum (Figure 3).
To obtain new breeding material, intervarietal hybridization was carried out according to [28]. Domestic soybean varieties “Almaty”, “Zara” and the Ukrainian variety “Odesskaya 150” were used as maternal lines. A distinctive feature of these varieties was the presence of a white eye on the scar, that is, they are positioned as cracking but not shattering. The “Birlik KV” variety is prone to cracking and shedding.
In order to obtain new source material for the breeding, intervarietal hybridization was carried out. The varieties of domestic selection and the Ukrainian variety “Odesskaya 150” were used as maternal varieties. The varieties of domestic, Russian, Ukrainian, Chinese, French and Czech selection were used as paternal forms. The varieties were characterized by different degrees of resistance to cracking and different types of seed hilum structure (Table 3).
The selected varieties were characterized by a white flower color, for further identification of the hybridity of the material. All paternal forms had a purple corolla color, had different resistance to cracking and seed shedding.
Direct combination and yield accounting were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing (VIR) [29]. Statistical processing was performed in the open-source software R software environment (version 4.5.0 RC) [30], as well as in the Windows Excel program (https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/excel, accessed on 5 December 2024).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Soybean Germplasm Monitoring

A review of the literature on seed shattering showed that genotypes resistant or tolerant to seed shattering tend to have a longer stem with more nodes on the main stem, lower pod set height and smaller seed size [31,32]. Genotypes resistant to bean cracking and seed shattering have been selected in the subtropical region as a result of collaborative study of soybean gene pool in the field—India (9), Japan (1) and in Nigeria (3) accessions have been selected as source material in breeding [33].
At the first stage, the soybean collection was screened for signs of susceptibility to cracking and morphological features of seed fusion with bean valves (non-shedding).
Formation of an eye on the seed hilum of the non-shedding varieties is due to the tight fusion of the pod flaps and the seed hilum [24,34].
As early as 1952, the first pea breeder A. Eglitis noted the non-shedding feature in the hybrid generation F2, obtained from crossing the varieties vitellum and coronatum, which shows that the peas of plants of this form are held firmly and do not fall out even from open pods. The peculiarity of this phenomenon is that due to deep anatomical changes in the structure of the seed- funiculus and the grain hilum, they are firmly fused with the pods.
In 1969, Bashkirian scientists Khangildins made a genetic description of the trait. The new recessive gene for non-shedding of seeds was named dev (development of funiculus) and its locus was determined in the linkage group. The seed is attached to the pod leaflet by a seed hilum called a funiculus. Separation of the seed from the pod can occur in two ways: either the seed hilum remains on the seed or on the fruit sash. The description and widespread use in breeding of protection genes that cause a strong fusion of the seed hilum with the bean flap and seed maturation before shattering allows for a reduction in seed yield losses by 0.3–1.8 tons per hectare [35].
As a result of phenotyping, 393 samples with the presence of a characteristic eye were selected. The largest number of non-sheddring variety samples from the world collection available in the fund of “KazRIAPG” LLP were of Russian and Ukrainian origin—25 and 16 variety samples, respectively. The collection contains single non-shedding variety samples from Poland, Canada, Moldova, France, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, China, Denmark (Table 4).
The collection variety samples were divided into maturity groups depending on the length of the growing season and the set of positive temperature sums during the growing season as follows: maturity group 000 (up to 80 days)—2 variety samples; maturity group 00 (81–90 days)—30 variety samples; maturity group 0 (91–110 days)—158 variety samples; maturity group I (111–125 days)—146 variety samples; II (126–135 days)—40 variety samples; III (136–150 days)—38 variety samples; IV (156 and more days)—14 variety samples.
Climatic changes have a significant impact on cracking—air temperature and precipitation distribution during the periods of bean filling and ripening. Periodic wetting and drying of beans, low relative air humidity under irrigation conditions increase cracking of pods relative to the climatic conditions in which these varieties were created [15].
Of the 428 studied varieties, 103 varieties were characterized by a tendency to cracking to varying degrees, and 70 varieties were resistant to shedding (based on the presence of a ‘white eye’ on the hilum). The largest number of non-shedding variety samples from the world collection available in the fund of Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing were of Russian and Ukrainian origin—25 and 16 variety samples, respectively. The collection contains single non-shedding variety samples from Poland, Canada, Moldova, France, Sweden, Czech Republic, China and Denmark. Of the varieties of domestic breeding, only two have this feature: “Almaty” and “Zara”. The “Zara: variety is actively used in the breeding program as a maternal form, thus, the collection of hybrid and breeding nurseries has a fairly large number of lines with this feature. There is traced the dependence of the number of cracking forms on the length of the vegetation period. Thus, the largest number of cracking forms were found in the varieties of the first four maturity groups (Figure 4).
There was also a positive correlation between the pod cracking and non-shattering traits. The largest number of cultivar samples with a fused seed stalk (the presence of an eye on the scar) was also observed in the first four maturity groups (Figure 5).
In the entire studied soybean collection, the cracking forms account for 25% and in the “non-cracking” collection, the cracking forms account for 50% (Figure 6).
To assess the degree of cracking from the beginning of ripening, observations were carried out, and after full ripening, cracking resistance scores were assigned. Only one sample from the collection (“Fora”, Russia) began to crack immediately as the lower beans turned brown. So even with incomplete ripening, its cracking resistance was 0 points.
Observations were also carried out during over-ripening of plants on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th and 25th day after ripening. With each subsequent stage of observation, the degree of cracking increased (Figure 7 and Figure 8). Thus, by the end of observations, cracking resistance looked like this: 5 points—0 variety samples, 4 points—14 variety samples, 3 points—32 variety samples, 1 point—22 variety samples, 0 points—24 variety samples.

3.2. Creation of Soybean Hybrids and Observation of Inheritance of Pods Cracking and Fusion Seeds Hilum with Pod

Efforts to study and control yield losses due to seeds shedding have been made in various soybean production centers, identification of breakage resistant genotypes and recombination with yield trait [36]. Pod resistance to breakage is related to pod characteristics in terms of morphology, anatomy and chemical component of pods, and environmental factors such as relative humidity and temperature are also related to capsule resistance to breakage [15]. The breeder A.M. Shevchenko using the trait of non-shedding seeds, successfully created well-known varieties of pea, such as Neosipayushiysya 1, Truzhennik, and others., that are cultivated in many regions of the country. With the emergence of medium maturity variety Neosipayushiysya 1, more effective breeding for non-shedding began. Creation of a soybean variety resistant to seed shedding could potentially be realized by recombination using resistant genotypes as sources of resistance gene.
The obtained first generation hybrids were assessed by the degree of cracking and the presence of a seed hilum fused with the pod valves. The results showed that regardless of whether the maternal or paternal form had a seed hilum fused with the pod valves, all first-generation hybrids had this feature. Thus, this trait is characterized as a dominant. In subsequent generations, this trait split in accordance with Mendel’s laws, what makes it possible to assume that this trait is controlled by one gene.
With regard to the trait of cracking, the results reveal an intermediate type of inheritance. When crossing cracking and crack-resistant forms in the first generation, the degree of resistance to cracking decreases in the hybrids, but does not show an extreme manifestation of this trait.
Since negative selection of lines with traits of cracking is carried out from generation to generation in the process of breeding, then in older nurseries there may be single numbers with a cracking score below 4. At this stage, forms with morphological signs of resistance to shattering are of greater interest, due to the fact that a newly created variety resistant to cracking in the breeding zone may lose this resistance when grown in other agroclimatic zones [12,13]. Since in the initial hybrid and breeding nurseries the selection was carried out in the direction of productivity and the absence of the trait of free attachment of the seed hilum was not included in the goals of rejection, then the nursery of control variety testing received numbers from the same hybrid combination, but with a different structure of the seed hilum.
Indian scientists Philbrook and Oplinger calculated that gross soybean yield losses due to pod shattering with lightly and moderate degradation beans were 0.175 t/ha and 0.186 t/ha, respectively, while in China it was about 0.112 t/ha. Depending on weather conditions—drought and rainfall—leading to harvest delays, they averaged 0.12 t/ha in Brazil [37], to 0.319 t/ha in southeastern United States. In Indonesia, soybean yield losses 20 days after maturity were analyzed and it was found that resistant genotypes could maintain yield losses between 0–8.55%, in contrast to susceptible and very susceptible genotypes, which showed yield losses between 23.72–48.65%. For susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes, harvest delay should not exceed three days after maturity to avoid more severe bean damage [38].

3.3. Analysis of Yield and Productivity Traits of Constant Soybean Hybrids

In 2019–2024, 358 numbers were studied in the control nursery, 63 of which had the trait of non-shedding (the presence of an eye on the hilum). Of the total number of studied variety samples of the control nursery, the percentage of varieties with resistance to shattering was 18.9%. Of the 358 studied samples of the control nursery, 32 numbers potentially prone to seed shedding and 12 numbers resistant to shedding exceed the yield standard. The average yield of numbers with a fused seed stalk (4.36 t/ha) was lower than the average yield of numbers without this trait (4.75 t/ha). A similar picture can be seen in the breeding numbers of the competitive variety testing (Figure 9).
In three of the five hybrid populations (Zara/Desna, Zara/Zhansaya, Odesskaya 150/Safrana) a higher yield was observed in the numbers with a fused seed hilum than in their analogues with a free seed hilum. In productivity traits, the smallest amplitude of variability within each hybrid combination was observed for plant height, height of attachment of lower beans, number of lateral branches and number of productive nodes.
According to the characteristics such as the number of beans per plant, the weight of seeds per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds, in most numbers with a fused seed hilum, a decrease in these indicators was observed in comparison with the shattering numbers (Table 5).
In the nursery of the competitive variety testing, out of 178 studied numbers, 16 have the non-shedding seeds sign with an eye on the scar (IT 24/2, IT 24/4—“Zara” X “Cheremosh”; I-23/7—“Zara” X “Korsak”) with a yield range of 2.71–5.42 t/ha. Of the varieties that did not have dense fusion of seed hilum, the standard variety “Zhansaya” surpassed 25 varieties in yield with an average yield of 4.84 t/ha. Only one of the three numbers with a fused seed hilum (I-23/7—“Zara” X “Korsak”) turned out to be more productive than the standard variety “Zhansaya”. The average yield of this number was 4.38 t/ha.
Yield losses in susceptible and moderately susceptible varieties depend on genotype, location, season and harvest date. Resistant varieties did not shed even when harvested after a delayed harvest period of 21 days. Field yield loss due to pod shattering was estimated and such estimates are considered useful for breeding programs when selecting varieties for resistance to shattering [26].
Generally, the results obtained showed that plant architecture can play important role in effective solving the problem with soybean yield losses [39]. Since agronomic and biochemical characteristics of soybean largely depends on the environment and climate change, especially on temperature range and fluctuation [40,41,42] then there is a necessity to breed the forms of soybean adapted to the local environmental conditions using approaches such as marker-assisted selection, genome editing, or environmental adaptations.

4. Conclusions

A collection of soybeans was studied for pod cracking traits and resistance to seed shedding. The highest number of cracking forms were found in the first four maturity groups (000, 00, 0 and I). A positive correlation was found between the cracking and non- shedding seeds traits. It is believed that this cracking trait has an intermediate type of inheritance. The average yield of control nursery numbers with a fused seed hilum was inferior to the average yield of numbers without this trait. The trait of fusion of the seed hilum with the bean pod is characterized as dominant, and it is likely that this trait is controlled by one gene. To check this hypothesis further investigations are necessary.
This research showed that breeding work to create soybean forms resistant to shedding seeds is a promising area of research. In addition, this work contributed to the understanding of the problem of soybean yield losses due to premature pod opening and seed shedding, especially in the conditions of southeastern Kazakhstan. However, in order to get closer to the goal of obtaining soybean varieties and hybrids resistant to shedding, it is necessary to continue multiple studies in different breeding directions.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.D. and I.S.; methodology, R.K. (Rinat Kassenov); software, R.K. (Rinat Kassenov); validation, R.Z. and A.Z.; formal analysis, R.K. (Rystay Kushanova); investigation, A.D. and G.K.; resources, G.K. and R.Z.; data curation, I.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.D.; writing—review and editing, E.S.; visualization, R.K. (Rystay Kushanova); supervision, A.Z. and E.S.; project administration, A.D.; funding acquisition, S.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Program-targeted financing of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan under the budget program, No. BR—22885857 “Creation and introduction into production of highly productive varieties and hybrids of oilseeds and cereal crops, in order to ensure food security of Kazakhstan”.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

We express our gratitude for providing material for study in different years to the following colleagues from Russia and Ukraine: head of the grain legume crops department of the Soybean Research Institute (Russia) Vishnyakova M.A., curator of the soybean collection Seferova I.V., (Russia) head of the soybean breeding department Zelentsov S.V., senior researcher of “Eco-Niva Seeds” Rozenzweig V. (Russia), and employees of the Soybean Research Institute, Poltava, (Ukraine).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:
QTLQuantitative Trait Locus

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Figure 1. Dynamics of precipitation accumulation (mm) during the years of research.
Figure 1. Dynamics of precipitation accumulation (mm) during the years of research.
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Figure 2. Average temperatures in the main months of soybean vegetation for 2019–2024.
Figure 2. Average temperatures in the main months of soybean vegetation for 2019–2024.
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Figure 3. Type of the soybean hilum: (a–c)—with a ‘white eye’ (resistant to seed shedding), (d,e)—without a ‘white eye’ (prone to seed shedding); the magnification is ×7.
Figure 3. Type of the soybean hilum: (a–c)—with a ‘white eye’ (resistant to seed shedding), (d,e)—without a ‘white eye’ (prone to seed shedding); the magnification is ×7.
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Figure 4. The number of cracking forms of soybeans depending on the maturity group based on the length of growing season: 000—≤80 days; 00—81–90 days; 0—91–110 days; I—111–125 days; II—126–135 days; III—136–150; IV—≥156 days.
Figure 4. The number of cracking forms of soybeans depending on the maturity group based on the length of growing season: 000—≤80 days; 00—81–90 days; 0—91–110 days; I—111–125 days; II—126–135 days; III—136–150; IV—≥156 days.
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Figure 5. Ratio of shedding and non-shedding varieties in the collection of soybeans of different maturity groups based on the length of growing season: 000—≤80 days; 00—81–90 days; 0—91–110 days; I—111–125 days; II—126–135 days; III—136–150; IV—≥156 days.
Figure 5. Ratio of shedding and non-shedding varieties in the collection of soybeans of different maturity groups based on the length of growing season: 000—≤80 days; 00—81–90 days; 0—91–110 days; I—111–125 days; II—126–135 days; III—136–150; IV—≥156 days.
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Figure 6. Ratio of soybean forms prone to cracking in the entire and “non-shedding” collections.
Figure 6. Ratio of soybean forms prone to cracking in the entire and “non-shedding” collections.
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Figure 7. The degree of cracking of the collection of soybean varieties depending on the period of standing after ripening (over-ripening): crack resistance increases in ascending order from 0 to 5 points.
Figure 7. The degree of cracking of the collection of soybean varieties depending on the period of standing after ripening (over-ripening): crack resistance increases in ascending order from 0 to 5 points.
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Figure 8. Samples of soybean plants observed: (a)—not resistant to cracking but resistant to shedding seeds; (b)—resistant to cracking.
Figure 8. Samples of soybean plants observed: (a)—not resistant to cracking but resistant to shedding seeds; (b)—resistant to cracking.
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Figure 9. Average yield (t/ha) of the soybean varieties distinguished by productivity in the competitive variety and control testing.
Figure 9. Average yield (t/ha) of the soybean varieties distinguished by productivity in the competitive variety and control testing.
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Table 1. Number of collections and varieties of soybean Glycine Max (L.) used for the study by country of origin.
Table 1. Number of collections and varieties of soybean Glycine Max (L.) used for the study by country of origin.
Country of Origin (Quantity, pcs.)Name
Russia (110)Alena, Altom, Amurskaya 401, Antoshka, Astra, Bara, Belgorodskaya 6, Belkam, Belor, Blestyashchaya, Bryanskaya, Bystrica 2, Vasilisa, Vasil’kovskaya, Vega, Vejdelevskaya 17, Vesta, Vilana, Vinni, VIR 1238, VNIIS -1, VNIIS2, VNIISK 1374, Voronezhskaya 31,G armoniya, Grant, Gribskaya Kormovaya, Del’ta, Diadema Nadal’ya, Dina, Dobryn’, Zakat, Zernica, Zlata, Zolotistaya, Zolushka, Ivanka, Kazachka, Kasatka, Kassidi, Krapinka, Krasivaya mechta, L315/07, Lada, Lancetnaya, Lan’, Lider 1, Lider 10, Lidiya, Lira, Luch nadezhdy, Luchezarnaya, Mageva, Maleta, Maurika, Masha, Mir, Nadezhda, Niva 70, NS Zoya, Okskaya, Oktyabr’ 70,Omskaya 4, OPUS, Primorskaya 495, PEP 17, PEP 27, PEP26, Rassvet, Renta, Romantika, Rosinka, Runo, REKT Simfoniya, Samer 2, Svapa, Svetlaya, Severnaya 5, Selekta 301, Selekta 302, Sentyabrinka, Sibiryachka, Sibniik 315, SibNIISKHOZ 6, CK Veda, SK Unika, SK Farta, SK Elana, SL Doka, SL Optima, Slaviya, Smena, Soer -3, Soer 345, Soer 3491, Soer 4,Soer-5, Sonata, Stepnaya 85, Travica, Umka, Ussurijskaya 267, Fora, Habarovskaya 4429, CHara, CHarodejka, CHeremshanka, El’dorado, Etyud, YAntarnaya,
Canada (60)Bellemondeau, 8541, Accord, Alaska, Alta, Amadeus, Buster, Candor, Colby, Colby, Crystal, DH 530, DH 863, Emerson, Enterprise, ES Capnor, Gaillard, GEO, Harosoy-E3e4, Harosoy-e3E4, Hudson, Hudson, KG 20, Korada, Korada, Madison, Maple Donovan, Maple Ridge, Mapleamber, Maplearrow, Mapleglen, Maplepresto, Maxus, OAC Erin, OAC Kent, OAC Prudens, OAC Wollace, Opus, OT 89-5 (Harosoy-e3e4E7), OT 94-47 (Harosoy-e3e4e7), P-73-3, RCAT Bobcat, RCAT Persian, SL 01 26, Sl 02 25,Supra, SVX №17033, Tundra, Venus, AS Brant, Mazhesta, Nordika, O412, OAS Carman, OAS Lakeview, OAS Morden, OAS Prescott, OAS Vision, Somet
Ukraine (42)Almaz, Annushka, Antracit, Artemida, Bilyavka, Vatra, Versiya, Viktorina, Viktoriya, Violetta, Gali, Galina, Desna, Don’ka, Estofita, Kirovogradskaya 3, Korsak, L 129-08 (Kobza), Legenda, Lybid’, Mal’vina, Mriya, Odesskaya 150, Osobliva, Peremoga, Podyaka,
Poltava, Prikorpat’ska 81, Skleya, Spritna, Tanais, Terek, Ustya, USKHI 6, Femida, Feya, Hersonskaya 840, Horol, CHeremosh, CHernovickaya 7, YUg 30, Zolotista
China (63)Hej Fen 50, Beiken 316, Beudou 14, Beudou 19, Beudou 40, Beudou 41, Beudou 47, Beudou 52, Beudou 53, Dongnong 63, Harrow Manuchu, Heihe 38, Heihe 43, Heihe 52, Juisan 14-99, K1889, K2132, Kendou 41, Kendou 60, Kendou 61, Kendou 68, Kendou 69, Kenfeng 14, Kenfeng 20, Kenfong 21, Kenjiandou 28, Long Ken 310, Long Ken 333, Long Ken 336, OO533, Suinong 10, Xinjiang a don 1, Xinjiang D09-676, Xinjiang D10-130, Xinjiang D10-135, Xinjiang D10-51, Xinjiang D11-252, Xinjiang heihe 38, Bej Dzhyan 91, Dzhin’ Nun 62, Dzhin’ YUan 55, Dun Dou 027, Dun Dou 1, Dun Dou 29, Dun Dou 339, Dun Dou 641, Ken Fen 16, Kye-shuan, Ken Nun 8, Ken Fen 20, Mej Fen 18, Syuj Nun 26, Syuj Nun 35, Syuj Syun 1, Harbin, Hej Lun 48, Hejhek 14, Hua ya Dou 1, Hej He 47, Czin Sin’ 2 (661), Czi-ti 4
Kazakhstan (35)Svetlyachok, Severnoe siyanie, Kos Tana, Ivushka, Birlik, Bayan, Zara, Misula, Iskra, Almaty, Alua, Vostochnaya krasavica, ZHalpaksaj, Roza, Pamyat’, Vita, Perizat, Danaya, Kazahstanskaya 2309, Viktori, Sabira, Sulamit, Bolashak, ZHansaya, Ajzere, Akku, Lastochka, Evrika, Ajsaule, Milka, Amaliya, Nadezhda, Radost’, Elmerej, Black Rose
UNITED STATES (19)Agasis, Cobb 266, Dekabig, Elgin 141, Evans, Jachynes 74, Brond, Lambert, Linkoln, Mc call, Morsoy, Picket, Shelby, Wilstar 194, Carola, Daksoy, Dawson, Magna, MN 0606 CN
Korea (19)1003, 1017, 1022,1 026, 1028, 1031, 1033, 1034, 1044, 1049, 1054, 1055, 1065, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1076, 1082, 1095
France (18)Amour, Amphor, Grignon 5, Isidor, Kalmit, Klaxxon, Major, ES Capnor, Kalmit, Klaxxon, Protina, Safrfna, Santana, Sepia, Shama, Sponsor, Segaliya
Belarus (9)Ros’, Pripyat’, SN 147020-1, YAsel’da, Valenta, Sparta, Oressa, Amazonka, Volma
Poland (8)Ajma, Arctic, Chabem Wekoju, Kollekcyina, LMF, Nawiko, Warsawska, Aldana
Serbia (8)Ana, Venera, Voevodzhanka, Lara, Nikko, Sava, Gracija, NS Zoya
Moldova (7)Darika, R121427, Bukuriya, Rajner 58, Skytneya, Moldavskaya 65
Germany (6)Semu 315, Sito, Dornburger, Stamm, Adsoy, Sunrise, Adsoy
Japan (5)Axagara, Nhat 10, Oyachi No. 2, Sousei, Tachisuzuhari
Czech Rep. (4)Toury, Maurau, Rana, Turijskaja masnaja
Sweden (5)840-2-7, Fiskeby 4, Fiskeby III, Fiskeby v, N 840-5-3
Hungary (3)ISZ 13, KZ 597, Vielnska Brunatna
Austria (2)Merlin, Viola
Italy (5)Atlantik, Hilario, Blamcos, Ascacubi, Luna
Switzerland (2)1040-4-2, Zen
Belgium (1)Zispida 641
Bulgaria (1)Biser 291
Brazil (1)Д-60-5186
Viet Nam (1)Nhat 11
Georgia (1)Kolhida 4
Denmark (1)301
Kyrgyzstan (1)Amantaj
Cuba (1)Vavilov 63-17
Latvia (1)Dindone
Romania (1)Gessenska
Tajikistan (1)Sitora
Philippines (1)6877
Argentina (1)DM 513
Table 2. Soybean breeding nurseries studied.
Table 2. Soybean breeding nurseries studied.
NurseryNumber of Lines/Numbers, pcs.
201920202021202220232024Total
Hybrid nursery F1–F61833605934463124822376
Breeding nursery SP1–SP246325153611785588103796
Control nursery676082603950358
Nursery of competitive variety testing242729363428178
Table 3. Characteristics of parental forms in terms of resistance to cracking and seed shedding.
Table 3. Characteristics of parental forms in terms of resistance to cracking and seed shedding.
Parent VarietyCountry of OriginResistance to Cracking,
Points		Type of the Soybean HilumFlower
Color		Height, cmMaturity GroupWeight of Seeds per Plant, gWeight of 1000 Seeds, g
Maternal variety samples
AlmatyKazakhstan3with a ‘white eye’white65I13.2195
ZaraKazakhstan3with a ‘white eye’white105I15.5175
Odesskaya 150Ukraine3with a ‘white eye’white100I14.9175
Birlik KBKazakhstan4without a ‘white eye’white85I13.2160
Paternal variety samples
MaletaRussia3with a ‘white eye’violet70008.5160
Selekta 302Russia3without a ‘white eye’violet110III18.6165
BaraRussia4without a ‘white eye’violet600010.5160
Pamyat YuGKKazakhstan4without a ‘white eye’violet95I14.6195
ZhansayaKazakhstan4without a ‘white eye’violet85II18.6165
HarbinChina4without a ‘white eye’violet80II17.9175
CheremoshUkraine4without a ‘white eye’violet95I15.9190
UstyaUkraine5without a ‘white eye’violet70010.4185
RanaCzech Republic5without a ‘white eye’violet65007.9175
SafranaFrance5without a ‘white eye’violet90II16.8175
KopcakUkraine5without a ‘white eye’violet90II15.3175
SponsorFrance5without a ‘white eye’violet110III19.6165
ZenSwitzerland5without a ‘white eye’violet105III18.8165
Table 4. Results of phenotyping of soybean germplasm by the sign of tight attachment of funiculus to the pod flaps.
Table 4. Results of phenotyping of soybean germplasm by the sign of tight attachment of funiculus to the pod flaps.
Name of the NurserNumber of Samples, pcsName of the Variety Sample
Soybean gene pool63(Soer-5, PEP 27, Maleta, Lancetnaya, Krasivaya Mecha, Soer 3, Soer 4, Soer 345, Veidelevskaya 17, Primorskaya 495, Svapa, OPUS, Soer 7, Hera, Samer 1, SK Unica, Osmon, SK Elana, Soer 2-95, Samer 2, VNIIR 1374, PEP17, Krapinka)Russia, (Masha)—Serbia, (Romantika, Spritna, Annushka, Chernivitskaya 7, Prikorpat’ska 81, Ustya, Malvina, Estofita, Feya, Odesskaya 150, Almaz, Anthracite, Kirovogradskaya 3, l 113-08, Viktorina)—Ukraine, Sepia—France, Turijskaja masnaja, Toury—Czechoslovakia, (1040-4-2, 840-2-7, Fiskeby III, N 840-5-3)—Sweden, (6792) Denmark, (8532, Buster, Maple Ridge, Kofu)—Canada, (1674, 00533)—China, (Moldavian 65, Albisoara, to 4926, 8541) Moldova, (Kollekcyina, LMF, Aldana)—Poland, (Almaty, Zara, Black Rose)—Kazakhstan
Table 5. Traits of productivity, yield and growing period of breeding numbers of soybeans of control variety testing obtained from crossing with non-shedding seeds varieties.
Table 5. Traits of productivity, yield and growing period of breeding numbers of soybeans of control variety testing obtained from crossing with non-shedding seeds varieties.
Breeding NumberNature of Attachment of the Seed HilumHeight, (cm)Number of Productive Nodes, (pcs)Number of Beans per Plant, (pcs)Weight of Seeds per Plant, (g)Weight of 1000 Seeds, (g)Productivity, (t/ha)
Zara/Selecta 302
I 28/1Free65.411.658.415.2154.03.75
I 28/3Fused70.812.249.413.8161.03.44
Zara/Desna
K 28/4Free69.412.259.220.9191.03.85
K 28/3Fused82.812.460.418.7142.04.58
K 28/6Fused72.811.445.215.2177.04.17
Zara/Zhansaya
KT 41/3Free68.413.247.014.4196.03.85
K 41/1Fused79.613.451.417.3195.04.48
Odesskaya 150/Harbin
K 15/9Free79.812.664.818.2165.04.58
K 15/7Fused81.610.448.012.0181.03.75
Odesskaya 150/Safrana
KT-46/6Free77.212.852.416.8197.03.44
K 46/4Fused69.08.439.015.9176.03.85
K 46/5Fused86.214.470.622.1181.03.96
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Didorenko, S.; Sagit, I.; Kassenov, R.; Dalibayeva, A.; Zhapayev, R.; Kunypiyaeva, G.; Zhapparova, A.; Kushanova, R.; Saljnikov, E. Monitoring of Pod Dehiscence and Non-Shedding of Soybean Varieties and Hybrid Populations in Kazakhstan. Agronomy 2025, 15, 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040969

AMA Style

Didorenko S, Sagit I, Kassenov R, Dalibayeva A, Zhapayev R, Kunypiyaeva G, Zhapparova A, Kushanova R, Saljnikov E. Monitoring of Pod Dehiscence and Non-Shedding of Soybean Varieties and Hybrid Populations in Kazakhstan. Agronomy. 2025; 15(4):969. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040969

Chicago/Turabian Style

Didorenko, Svetlana, Islambek Sagit, Rinat Kassenov, Almagul Dalibayeva, Rauan Zhapayev, Gulya Kunypiyaeva, Aigul Zhapparova, Rystay Kushanova, and Elmira Saljnikov. 2025. "Monitoring of Pod Dehiscence and Non-Shedding of Soybean Varieties and Hybrid Populations in Kazakhstan" Agronomy 15, no. 4: 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040969

APA Style

Didorenko, S., Sagit, I., Kassenov, R., Dalibayeva, A., Zhapayev, R., Kunypiyaeva, G., Zhapparova, A., Kushanova, R., & Saljnikov, E. (2025). Monitoring of Pod Dehiscence and Non-Shedding of Soybean Varieties and Hybrid Populations in Kazakhstan. Agronomy, 15(4), 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040969

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