Effect of Production System (Organic versus Conventional) on Olive Fruit and Oil Yields and Oil Quality Parameters in the Messara Valley, Crete, Greece; Results from a 3-Year Farm Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Area
2.2. Yield Records and Fruit Sampling
2.3. Fruit Processing, Determination of Water and Oil Content
2.4. Oil Quality Parameters
2.5. Fatty Acid Profile Analyses
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Olive Fruit and Oil Yield
3.2. Oil Acidity and Peroxide Value
4. Discussion
4.1. Crop Yield
4.2. Oil Acidity and Peroxide Value
4.3. Fatty Acid Profiles
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Growing Season | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Location of Orchards | Production System | 2005/06 1 | 2006/07 | 2007/08 |
Messara Plain | Organic | 4 (0) | 4 (2) | 4 (4) |
Conventional | 4 (0) | 4 (2) | 4 (4) | |
Foothills | Organic | 4 (0) | 4 (2) | 4 (4) |
Conventional | 4 (0) | 4 (2) | 4 (4) | |
Total number of orchards surveyed | 16 (8) | 16 (16) |
Fruit Yield | Oil Yield | ||
---|---|---|---|
Factor | t Olives/ha | kg Oil/ha | |
Year | 2006 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 1184 ± 190 |
2007 | 4.8 ±0.9 | 983 ± 202 | |
2008 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 1190 ± 181 | |
Production system | Organic | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 1182 ± 148 |
Conventional | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 1066 ± 160 | |
Location | Plain | 7.3 ± 0.6 | 1426 ± 135 |
Hills | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 803 ± 142 | |
ANOVA results (p-values) | |||
Main effects | |||
Year (Y) | ns | ns | |
BProduction system (PS) | ns | ns | |
Location (L) | 0.0016 | 0.0059 | |
Interactions | |||
Y × PS | ns | ns | |
Y × L | 0.0080 | 0.0101 | |
PS × L | ns | ns | |
Y × PS × L | ns | ns |
Water Content | Oil Content | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | % of Fresh Weight | % of Fresh Weight | % of Dry Weight | |
Year | 2007 | 48.0 ± 1.5 | 25.3 ± 0.9 | 48.6 ± 0.7 |
2008 | 53.8 ± 1.2 | 20.5 ± 0.7 | 44.4 ± 1.0 | |
Production system | Organic | 49.1 ± 1.4 | 23.9 ± 1.2 | 46.8 ± 1.3 |
Conventional | 52.8 ± 1.8 | 21.9 ± 1.1 | 46.2 ± 1.0 | |
Location | Plain | 49.2 ± 1.1 | 23.8 ± 0.9 | 46.7 ± 1.0 |
Hills | 52.7 ± 1.9 | 22.0 ± 1.4 | 46.4 ± 1.3 | |
ANOVA results (p-values) | ||||
Main effects | ||||
Year (Y) | 0.0018 | 0.0004 | 0.0213 | |
Production system (PS) | 0.0186 | 0.0336 | ns | |
Location (L) | 0.0226 | T | ns | |
Interactions | ||||
Y × PS | ns | ns | ns | |
Y × L | ns | ns | ns | |
PS × L | 0.0290 | 0.0298 | ns | |
Y × PS × L | ns | ns | ns |
Free Acidity | Peroxide Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Factor | % | Meq O2 kg/Oil | |
Year | 2007 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 5.32 ± 0.24 |
2008 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 3.06 ± 0.39 | |
Production system | Organic | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 4.27 ± 0.59 |
Conventional | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 4.11 ± 0.47 | |
Location | Plain | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 3.68 ± 0.49 |
Hills | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 4.71 ± 0.50 | |
Extra virgin classification | <0.8 | <20 | |
ANOVA results (p-values) | |||
Main effects | |||
Year (Y) | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | |
Production system (PS) | 0.0056 | ns | |
Location (L) | 0.0391 | 0.0274 | |
Interactions | |||
Y × PS | ns | ns | |
Y × L | 0.0410 | ns | |
PS × L | T | ns | |
Y × PS × L | ns | ns |
Factor | K270 | K232 | K262 | K268 | K274 | ΔΚ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2006/2007 | 0.171 ± 0.008 | 1.729 ± 0.040 | 0.203 ± 0.010 | 0.180 ± 0.009 | 0.163 ± 0.007 | −0.0032 ± 0.0036 |
2007/2008 | 0.206 ± 0.012 | 1.753 ± 0.071 | 0.226 ± 0.016 | 0.196 ± 0.014 | 0.186 ± 0.015 | −0.0103 ± 0.0012 | |
Production system | Organic | 0.198 ± 0.013 | 1.795 ± 0.054 | 0.224 ± 0.014 | 0.198 ± 0.012 | 0.183 ± 0.013 | −0.0062 ± 0.0034 |
Conventional | 0.179 ± 0.011 | 1.686 ± 0.054 | 0.204 ± 0.013 | 0.178 ± 0.011 | 0.165 ± 0.011 | −0.0072 ± 0.0025 | |
Location | Plain | 0.178 ± 0.008 | 1.668 ± 0.041 | 0.207 ± 0.012 | 0.178 ± 0.009 | 0.161 ± 0.009 | −0.0063 ± 0.0035 |
Hills | 0.199 ± 0.015 | 1.814 ± 0.059 | 0.221 ± 0.016 | 0.197 ± 0.013 | 0.188 ± 0.014 | −0.0072 ± 0.0024 | |
Extra virgin classification | <0.22 | <2.5 | <0.22 | <0.01 | |||
ANOVA results (p-values) | |||||||
Main effects | |||||||
Year (Y) | 0.0245 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Production system (PS) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Location (L) | ns | 0.0418 | ns | ns | T | ns | |
Interactions | |||||||
Y × PS | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Y × L | T | 0.0290 | ns | ns | T | ns | |
PS × L | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Y × PS × L | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Fatty Acids | Production | ANOVA Results (p-Value) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
System (S) | Location (L) | Main Effects | Interaction | ||||
Organic | Conventional | Plain | Foothills | S | L | S × L | |
SFA | |||||||
Palmitic (C16:0) | 12.1 ± 0.3 | 12.2 ± 0.3 | 11.5 ± 0.1 | 12.7 ± 0.3 | ns | 0.0026 | ns |
Stearic (C18:0) | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | ns | ns | ns |
Arachidic (C20:0) | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | ns | ns | ns |
MUFA | ns | ||||||
Palmitoleic (C16:1c9) | 0.78 ± 0.05 | 0.81 ± 0.05 | 0.71 ± 0.02 | 0.88 ± 0.04 | ns | 0.0056 | ns |
Oleic (C18:1c9) | 76.5 ± 0.9 | 76.5 ± 0.5 | 77.4 ± 0.4 | 75.6 ± 0.7 | ns | T | ns |
Eicosenoic (C20:1c11) | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | ns | 0.0255 | ns |
PUFA | |||||||
Linoleic (C18:2c9c12) | 6.3 ± 0.4 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | ns | ns | T |
a-linolenic C18:3c5c9c12) | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 0.74 ± 0.02 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 0.728 ± 0.03 | ns | ns | ns |
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Volakakis, N.; Kabourakis, E.; Kiritsakis, A.; Rempelos, L.; Leifert, C. Effect of Production System (Organic versus Conventional) on Olive Fruit and Oil Yields and Oil Quality Parameters in the Messara Valley, Crete, Greece; Results from a 3-Year Farm Survey. Agronomy 2022, 12, 1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071484
Volakakis N, Kabourakis E, Kiritsakis A, Rempelos L, Leifert C. Effect of Production System (Organic versus Conventional) on Olive Fruit and Oil Yields and Oil Quality Parameters in the Messara Valley, Crete, Greece; Results from a 3-Year Farm Survey. Agronomy. 2022; 12(7):1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071484
Chicago/Turabian StyleVolakakis, Nikolaos, Emmanouil Kabourakis, Apostolos Kiritsakis, Leonidas Rempelos, and Carlo Leifert. 2022. "Effect of Production System (Organic versus Conventional) on Olive Fruit and Oil Yields and Oil Quality Parameters in the Messara Valley, Crete, Greece; Results from a 3-Year Farm Survey" Agronomy 12, no. 7: 1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071484