Green Corridors May Sustain Habitats for Earthworms in A Partially Converted Grassland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Mulch Materials
2.2. Tomato Production and the Control Areas
2.3. Examined Soil Parameters
2.4. Statistical Analyses
- Physical parameters
- Chemical parameters
- Biological parameters
- Plant vegetation
3. Results
3.1. Physical Parameters of the Soil
3.2. Chemical Parameters of the Soil
3.3. Biological Parameters of the Soil
3.4. Vegetation
4. Discussion
4.1. Physical Parameters: Soil Moisture Content (SMC)
4.2. Physical Parameters: Soil Compaction
4.3. Chemical Parameters: pH
4.4. Chemical Parameters: Ca
4.5. Chemical Parameters: Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
4.6. Biological Parameters: Earthworm Abundance, Biomass, Species Composition
4.7. Earthworm Species Composition
4.8. Plant Abundance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measured Parameters | Time of Measurements | Frequency | |
---|---|---|---|
I. | Physical parameters | ||
soil texture | autumn 2018 | once | |
soil moisture content | autumn 2018; spring and autumn 2019, 2020; spring 2021 | 6 times | |
soil penetration resistance | autumn 2018 and 2019 | twice | |
II. | Chemical parameters | ||
soil pH(H2O), pH(KCl) | autumn 2018; January 2022 | twice | |
CaCO3 content | autumn 2018; January 2022 | twice | |
soil organic matter | autumn 2018; January 2022 | twice | |
III. | Biological parameters | ||
earthworm abundance, biomass, species composition | autumn 2018; spring and autumn 2019, 2020; spring 2021 | 6 times | |
plant abundance (cover) | spring and autumn 2021 | twice |
Habitat | Order of Dominance | Spring 2021 | Autumn 2021 |
---|---|---|---|
Weed control fabric | 1 | Elymus repens | Urtica dioica |
2 | Urtica dioica | Polygonum aviculare | |
3 | Taraxacum officinale | Elymus repens | |
4 | Veronica hederifolia | Setaria glauca | |
5 | Glechoma hederacea | Taraxacum officinale | |
Total cover | 3.34% | 15.03% | |
Weed control fabric + straw | 1 | Elymus repens | Urtica dioica |
2 | Stellaria media | Elymus repens | |
3 | Capsella bursa-pastoris | Convolvulus arvensis | |
4 | Taraxacum officinale | Setaria glauca | |
5 | Glechoma hederacea | Cichorium intybus | |
Total cover | 6.73% | 9.29% | |
Grass | 1 | Elymus repens | Elymus repens |
2 | Lolium perenne | Lolium perenne | |
3 | Urtica dioica | Taraxacum officinale | |
4 | Taraxacum officinale | Urtica dioica | |
5 | Lamium purpureum | Polygonum aviculare | |
Total cover | 86.85% | 100% |
Variable | d.f. | MANOVA | Comparison | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p-Value | Group | Avg. Value (%) | Sign. Class | ||
Habitat | 2 | 636.695 | <0.001 | WF | 9.18 | a |
WF + S | 8.01 | a | ||||
GR | 93.43 | b | ||||
Season | 1 | 16.596 | <0.001 | spring 2021 | 32.3063 | a |
autumn 2021 | 41.4375 | b |
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Simon, B.; Boziné Pullai, K.; Selmeczi, D.; Sebők, A.; Tóthné Bogdányi, F.; Weldmichael, T.G.; Zalai, M.; Nsima, J.P.; Tóth, F. Green Corridors May Sustain Habitats for Earthworms in A Partially Converted Grassland. Agronomy 2022, 12, 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040793
Simon B, Boziné Pullai K, Selmeczi D, Sebők A, Tóthné Bogdányi F, Weldmichael TG, Zalai M, Nsima JP, Tóth F. Green Corridors May Sustain Habitats for Earthworms in A Partially Converted Grassland. Agronomy. 2022; 12(4):793. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040793
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimon, Barbara, Krisztina Boziné Pullai, Dóra Selmeczi, András Sebők, Franciska Tóthné Bogdányi, Tsedekech G. Weldmichael, Mihály Zalai, Justine Phenson Nsima, and Ferenc Tóth. 2022. "Green Corridors May Sustain Habitats for Earthworms in A Partially Converted Grassland" Agronomy 12, no. 4: 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040793