Assessment of the Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralisation of Digestates Elaborated from Distinct Feedstock Profiles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Physicochemical Characterization of Products
2.2. Soil Characteristics
2.3. N Incubations
2.4. C Incubations
2.5. Soil Microbial Biomass
2.6. Calculations
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Product Characteristics
3.2. C Mineralisation
3.3. N Mineralisation
4. Discussion
4.1. C Mineralisation
4.2. C Sequestration Potential and Possible Implications for C Farming Strategies
4.3. N Mineralisation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parameter | D_BW | D_SS | D_CS | D_PM | D_CM | COM * | U_PS | SF_CM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2-C (μg mg−1 TOC) | 714 ± 2 | 379 ± 1 | 442 ± 4 | 796 ± 4 | 843 ± 2 | 98 ± 1 | 1466 ± 2 | 223 ± 2 |
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Product | Facility | Yearly Ratio of Feedstock Composition (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Acronym | Description | ||
D_BW | Digestate | Am-Power (BE) | Biowaste (food): 69 |
Food industry sludge: 11 | |||
Animal manure: 7 | |||
Glycerine: 6 | |||
Other substrates: 4 | |||
Manure solid fraction: 3 | |||
D_SS | Digestate | Acqua & Sole (IT) | Sewage sludge: 85 |
Biowaste (food): 9 | |||
Digestate from biowaste: 7 | |||
D_CS | Digestate | BENAS-GNS (DE) | Corn silage: 44 |
Rye silage: 31 | |||
Chicken manure: 14 | |||
Grass: 5 | |||
Corn grain: 4 | |||
Other solids: 1 | |||
Millet: <1 | |||
D_PM | Digestate | Groot Zevert Vergisting (NL) | Pig manure: 67 |
By-products from dairy and feed industry: 16 | |||
Dairy by-products: 11 | |||
Slaughterhouse manure: 9 | |||
Dairy cattle manure: 4 | |||
Glycerine: 4 | |||
D_CM | Digestate | Anonymous (UK) | Chicken manure: 100 |
COM_1 | Commercial compost | / | Source-separated waste from households and gardens |
COM_2 | Commercial compost | / | Source-separated waste from gardens and parks |
U_PS | Undigested pig slurry | Anonymous (BE) | Pig slurry: 100 |
SF_CM | Solid fraction digestate | Rika Biofuels (UK) | Chicken manure: 100 |
Parameter | |
---|---|
pH KCl | 5.3 ± 0.1 |
EC (mS cm−1) | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
DW (g kg−1 FW) | 991 ± 1.0 |
OM (g kg−1) | 42 ± 1.1 |
TC (g kg−1) | 18 ± 0.7 |
TOC (g kg−1) | 18 ± 0.1 |
TN (g kg−1) | 1.63 ± 0.21 |
NH4+-N (mg kg−1) | 11.87 ± 0.48 |
NO3−-N (mg kg−1) | 28.35 ± 0.48 |
P (g kg−1) | 0.78 ± 0.02 |
K (g kg−1) | 2.15 ± 0.08 |
Ca (g kg−1) | 2.07 ± 0.03 |
Mg (g kg−1) | 2.00 ± 0.04 |
S (g kg−1) | 0.28 ± 0.01 |
Unit | TN Product Application Rate | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N incubation | D_BW | D_SS | D_CS | D_PM | D_CM | COM * | U_PS | SF_CM | |
mg TN 100 g−1 DM soil | 9.8 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 7.3 | 11.4 | 6.0 | |
kg TN ha−1 (equivalent) | 275 | 197 | 223 | 283 | 281 | 204 | 318 | 167 | |
C incubation | TOC Product Application Rate | ||||||||
mg TOC 100 g−1 DM soil | 180 | 303 | 346 | 158 | 173 | 647 | 54 | 694 | |
kg TOC ha−1 (equivalent) | 2519 | 4236 | 4843 | 2216 | 2418 | 9051 | 758 | 9721 |
Parameter | D_BW | D_SS | D_CS | D_PM | D_CM | COM_1 | COM_2 | U_PS | SF_CM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH KCl | 8.7 ± 0.0 | 8.5 ± 0.0 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | 8.5 ± 0.0 | 8.4 ± 0.0 | 8.0 ± 0.7 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 8.3 ± 0.0 | 8.3 ± 0.0 |
pH H2O | 8.2 ± 0.0 | 8.3 ± 0.0 | 8.2 ± 0.0 | 8.2 ± 0.0 | 8.2 ± 0.0 | / | 5.9 ± 0.1 | 8.3 ± 0.0 | / |
EC (mS/cm) | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
DM (g kg−1 FM) | 85 ± 5.9 | 110 ± 1.6 | 107 ± 5.6 | 78 ± 7.5 | 80 ± 0.9 | 531 ± 7.1 | 349 ± 9.0 | 29 ± 0.3 | 812 ± 0.3 |
OM (g kg−1) | 601 ± 2.2 | 644 ± 2.8 | 749 ± 3.8 | 732 ± 3.4 | 748 ± 2.4 | 298 ± 0.8 | 839 ± 9.9 | 569 ± 3.0 | 398 ± 1.4 |
TC (g kg−1) | 259 ± 6.8 | 307 ± 6.1 | 369 ± 11.1 | 256 ± 5.3 | 272 ± 1.4 | 153 ± 1.7 | 467 ± 0.0 | 277 ± 2.7 | 194 ± 0.2 |
TOC (g kg−1) | 227 ± 22.6 | 285 ± 15.4 | 336 ± 23.8 | 215 ± 29.0 | 232 ± 28.2 | 151 ± 1.2 | 435 ± 0.0 | 214 ± 44.6 | 181 ± 0.0 |
DOC (g kg−1) | 101.1 | 60.7 | 122.4 | 106.4 | 97.2 | / | 4.9 | 63.0 | 11.1 |
TN (g kg−1) | 85.2 ± 0.2 | 71.3 ± 0.4 | 82.8 ± 1.4 | 98.7 ± 2.2 | 96.0 ± 0.4 | 14.3 ± 0.4 | 17.3 ± 0.0 | 139.0 ± 0.0 | 34.6 ± 0.4 |
P (g kg−1) | 25.4 ± 0.2 | 35.5 ± 0.1 | 17.3 ± 0.6 | 22.7 ± 0.8 | 10.4 ± 2.3 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 15.4 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.2 |
NH4+-N (g kg−1) | 55.2 ± 5.2 | 38.0 ± 1.1 | 44.1 ± 2.2 | 63.0 ± 1.0 | 67.5 ± 7.8 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | / | 100.5 ± 2.7 | 13.1 ± 0.0 |
NO3−-N (g kg−1) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | / | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
TC:TN | 3.04 | 4.31 | 4.46 | 2.60 | 2.83 | 10.68 | 26.97 | 1.99 | 5.60 |
TOC:TC | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 0.77 | 0.94 |
TC:Norg | 8.64 | 9.22 | 9.54 | 7.18 | 9.53 | 11.23 | / | 7.19 | 9.0 |
TOC:TN | 2.67 | 4.00 | 4.05 | 2.18 | 2.41 | 10.59 | 25.15 | 1.54 | 13.9 |
NH4+-N:TN | 0.65 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.00 | / | 0.72 | 0.38 |
Norg:TN | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.95 | / | 0.28 | 0.61 |
DOC:TOC | 0.44 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.42 | / | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.06 |
Product | CA (%) | k2a(1 − a) | R² | EOC (%) | CUE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
D_BW | 39.7 | 0.0132 | 0.967 | 61.2 | 16.2 ± 1.5 |
D_SS | 19.6 | 0.0129 | 0.976 | 81.3 | 13.7 ± 0.8 |
D_CS | 27.5 | 0.0103 | 0.968 | 73.7 | 19.5 ± 7.2 |
D_PM | 44.6 | 0.0065 | 0.978 | 57.3 | 13.3 ± 10.3 |
D_CM | 52.0 | 0.0063 | 0.979 | 50.0 | 13.3 ± 8.7 |
COM_2 | 1.5 | 0.0533 | 0.995 | 98.7 | 40.9 ± 10.7 |
U_PS | 43.8 | 0.0181 | 0.978 | 56.9 | 2.3 ± 3.4 |
SF_CM | 15.8 | 0.0076 | 0.999 | 85.8 | 40.9 ± 3.3 |
Parameter | D_BW | D_SS | D_CS | D_PM | D_CM | COM * | U_PS | SF_CM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nrel (%TN) | 72.2 ± 4.8 cd | 62.6 ± 2.8 c | 68.6 ± 8.4 cd | 77.9 ± 2.3 de | 80.8 ± 6.3 de | 8.7 ± 1.7 a | 86.8 ± 1.5 e | 47.7 ± 4.3 b |
Cmin (%TOC) | 41.1 ± 1.4 e | 19.9 ± 0.4 c | 28.4 ± 1.2 d | 45.1 ± 2.4 ef | 52.8 ± 1.4 g | 1.4 ± 0.2 a | 45.9 ± 3.2 f | 14.4 ± 0.3 b |
CUE | EOC | Cmin | CO2-C | Nrel | Nmin,net | NH4+-N:TN | TC:TN | DOC | DOC:TOC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CUE | 1 | |||||||||
EOC | 0.82 * | 1 | ||||||||
Cmin | −0.82 * | -1.00 ** | 1 | |||||||
CO2-C | −0.87 ** | −0.84 ** | 0.84 ** | 1 | ||||||
Nrel | −0.90 ** | −0.93 ** | 0.93 ** | 0.91 ** | 1 | |||||
Nmin,net | −0.74 | −0.7 | 0.71 | 0.88 ** | 0.87 ** | 1 | ||||
NH4+-N:TN | −0.82 * | −0.93 ** | 0.94 ** | 0.81 * | 0.99 ** | 0.83 * | 1 | |||
TC:TN | 0.77 * | 0.92 ** | −0.92 ** | −0.79 * | −0.99 ** | −0.83 * | −0.99 ** | 1 | ||
DOC | −0.75 * | −0.75 * | 0.75 * | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.36 | 0.76 * | −0.72 * | 1 | |
DOC:TOC | −0.80 * | −0.88 ** | 0.89 ** | 0.68 * | 0.72 | 0.46 | 0.81 * | −0.78 * | 0.95 ** | 1 |
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Reuland, G.; Sigurnjak, I.; Dekker, H.; Sleutel, S.; Meers, E. Assessment of the Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralisation of Digestates Elaborated from Distinct Feedstock Profiles. Agronomy 2022, 12, 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020456
Reuland G, Sigurnjak I, Dekker H, Sleutel S, Meers E. Assessment of the Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralisation of Digestates Elaborated from Distinct Feedstock Profiles. Agronomy. 2022; 12(2):456. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020456
Chicago/Turabian StyleReuland, Gregory, Ivona Sigurnjak, Harmen Dekker, Steven Sleutel, and Erik Meers. 2022. "Assessment of the Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralisation of Digestates Elaborated from Distinct Feedstock Profiles" Agronomy 12, no. 2: 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020456