Contribution to Improving the Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Efficiency in Low-Phosphorus Farming Systems: Assessment of the Relationships between the P and N Nutrition, Nodulation Capacity and Productivity Performance in P-Deficient Field Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Field Experimental Sites
2.2. Plant Material and Experimental Design
2.3. Assessment of the Growth, Nodulation, and Yield Performances
2.4. In Vitro Seed Germination Assays
2.5. Quantification of the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Content in the Nodules, Shoots, and Rhizosphere
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. P-Deficiency Affects Certain Functional Growth and Nodulation Traits Differentially between Cultivars
3.2. P-Deficiency Differently Alters the Yield Components but Does Not Impact the Seed Germinability
3.3. P-Deficiency Can Hinder the Proper Establishment of the Symbiosis in a Cultivar-Dependent Manner
3.4. Phosphorus Acquisition and the Use Efficiency for the Nodule Formation Are Genetically Uncoupled
3.5. Functional Integrative Analysis Evidences the Efficient Varieties for Low-Input Agriculture
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Normalized Difference Drought Index (NDDI) Calculation
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SDW (g) | RDW (g) | NDW (g) | NN | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of Variation | DF | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) |
genotype | 6 | 0.54 | 2.72 | 0.01 * | 0.03 | 2.09 | 0.05 . | 0.02 | 3.09 | 0.006 ** | 0.26 | 2.68 | 0.02 * |
year | 1 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.73 | 0.24 | 19.59 | 1.47 × 10−5 *** | 2.86 | 508.33 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 12.65 | 132.25 | <2 × 10−16 *** |
block (year) | 4 | 0.51 | 2.55 | 0.04 * | 0.03 | 2.22 | 0.07. | 0.04 | 6.23 | 8.77 × 10−5 *** | 0.19 | 2.01 | 0.09 . |
genotype × year | 6 | 0.34 | 1.71 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 6.92 | 8.80 × 10−7 *** | 0.01 | 2.26 | 0.04 * | 0.44 | 4.63 | 0.0002 *** |
residuals | 234 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
Pod Numbers | Seed Numbers | |||||||
Source of Variation | DF | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) | |
genotype | 6 | 0.61 | 5.72 | 1.67 × 10−5 *** | 0.77 | 6.11 | 6.95 × 10−6 *** | |
year | 1 | 93.71 | 879.78 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 91.41 | 723.74 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | |
block (year) | 4 | 0.31 | 2.87 | 0.02 * | 0.29 | 2.32 | 0.06 . | |
genotype × year | 6 | 0.59 | 5.57 | 2.35 × 10−5 *** | 0.52 | 4.08 | 0.0007 *** | |
residuals | 195 | 0.11 | 0.13 | |||||
100 Seed Weights (g) | Grain Yield (100 kg ha−1) | |||||||
Source of Variation | DF | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) | DF | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) |
genotype | 6 | 1,309,448 | 32.19 | 2.44 × 10−10 *** | 6 | 0.63 | 10.29 | 5.38 × 10−9 *** |
year | 1 | 48,312 | 1.19 | 0.29 | 1 | 82.23 | 1340.47 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** |
block (year) | 4 | 59,857 | 1.47 | 0.24 | 4 | 0.37 | 6.06 | 0.0002 *** |
genotype × year | 6 | 43,675 | 1.07 | 0.41 | 6 | 0.43 | 7.08 | 2.24 × 10−6 *** |
residuals | 24 | 40,680 | 108 | 0.06 |
Nodule N Content (mg kg−1) | Shoot N Content (mg kg−1) | Soil N Content (mg kg−1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of Variation | DF | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) |
genotype | 6 | 52.64 | 70,973.88 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 11.14 | 25,156.44 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 204,371 | 3527.49 | <2 × 10−16 *** |
year | 1 | 110.71 | 149,280.35 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 22.90 | 51,709.79 | <2 × 10−16 *** | 501,741 | 8660.16 | <2 × 10−16 *** |
block (year) | 4 | 0.03 | 33.63 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 0.0001 | 0.16 | 0.96 | 95 | 1.64 | 0.17 |
genotype × year | 6 | 21.23 | 28,624.30 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 2.32 | 5228.35 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 7547 | 130.27 | <2 × 10−16 *** |
residuals | 108 | 0.001 | 0.0004 | 58 |
Nodule P Content (mg g−1) | Shoot P Content (mg g−1) | Soil P Content (mg kg−1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of Variation | DF | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) | MS | F Value | Pr(>F) |
genotype | 6 | 0.003 | 338.85 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 0.10 | 202.94 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 131.32 | 89.97 | <2 × 10−16 *** |
year | 1 | 0.001 | 92.44 | 3.51 × 10−16 *** | 0.02 | 50.31 | 1.43 × 10−10 *** | 750.15 | 513.93 | <2 × 10−16 *** |
block (year) | 4 | 0.00002 | 1.73 | 0.15 | 0.0001 | 0.28 | 0.89 | 4.08 | 2.79 | 0.03 * |
genotype × year | 6 | 0.0001 | 9.32 | 3.17 × 10−8 *** | 0.02 | 50.95 | <2.2 × 10−16 *** | 35.09 | 24.04 | <2 × 10−16 *** |
residuals | 108 | 0.00001 | 0.0005 | 1.46 |
(a) | P Use Efficiency | |||
Source of Variation | DF | MS | F value | Pr(>F) |
genotype | 6 | 0.0001 | 3.04 | 0.02 * |
year | 1 | 0.005 | 216.56 | 1.65 × 10−13 *** |
block (year) | 4 | 0.00002 | 0.84 | 0.51 |
genotype × year | 6 | 0.00001 | 0.49 | 0.81 |
residuals | 24 | 0.00002 | ||
(b) | Genotype | P Use Efficiency | ||
GHAB4 | 0.0124 a | |||
FLIP97_677C | 0.0147 ab | |||
ILC32_79 | 0.0153 ab | |||
FLIP01_29C | 0.0154 ab | |||
FLIP90_13C | 0.0160 ab | |||
FLIP84_92C | 0.0165 ab | |||
GHAB5 | 0.0231 b |
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Djouider, S.I.; Gentzbittel, L.; Jana, R.; Rickauer, M.; Ben, C.; Lazali, M. Contribution to Improving the Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Efficiency in Low-Phosphorus Farming Systems: Assessment of the Relationships between the P and N Nutrition, Nodulation Capacity and Productivity Performance in P-Deficient Field Conditions. Agronomy 2022, 12, 3150. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123150
Djouider SI, Gentzbittel L, Jana R, Rickauer M, Ben C, Lazali M. Contribution to Improving the Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Efficiency in Low-Phosphorus Farming Systems: Assessment of the Relationships between the P and N Nutrition, Nodulation Capacity and Productivity Performance in P-Deficient Field Conditions. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):3150. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123150
Chicago/Turabian StyleDjouider, Souad Insaf, Laurent Gentzbittel, Raghavendra Jana, Martina Rickauer, Cécile Ben, and Mohamed Lazali. 2022. "Contribution to Improving the Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Efficiency in Low-Phosphorus Farming Systems: Assessment of the Relationships between the P and N Nutrition, Nodulation Capacity and Productivity Performance in P-Deficient Field Conditions" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 3150. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123150