The Chickpea Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner): Yield Loss Estimation and Biorational Insecticide Assessment in Morocco
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Yield Loss Assessment for Chickpea Pod Borer in Relation to Different Chickpea Varieties and Locations
2.2. Evaluation of Insecticides and Biopesticides for the Management of H. armigera
2.2.1. Insect Rearing
2.2.2. Pesticides
2.2.3. Laboratory Bioassays
Contact Bioassay
Systemic Bioassay
2.2.4. Field Bioassay
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Yield Loss Caused by Chickpea Pod Borer in Relation to Different Varieties and Locations
3.2. Laboratory Bioassays
3.2.1. Contact Toxicity
3.2.2. Systemic Activity
3.3. Field Bioassay
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trade Name | Active Ingredients | Chemical Class | Dose | Company |
---|---|---|---|---|
TRACER 480 SC | Spinosad (480 g/L) | Bacterial bioinsecticide | 30 mL/100 L water | PROMAGRI |
BACTOSPEINE HPWP | Bacillus thuringiensis-Kurstaki (serotype 3a–3b) (32,000 UI/mg) | Bacterial bioinsecticide | 0.5 kg/ha | CPCM |
Coragen | Chlorantraniliprole (200 g/L) | Anthranilic diamides | 15 mL/100 L water | AGRIMATCO |
AVAUNT 150 EC | Indoxacarb (150 g/L) | Oxadiazine | 25 mL/100 L water | AGRIMATCO |
Proclaim® 05 SG | Emamectin benzoate (5%) | Avermectines | 250 g/ha | SYNGENTA MAROC |
DECIS FLUXX | Deltamethrin (25 g/L) | Pyrethroid insecticide | 30 mL/100 L water | BAYER SA |
TAKUMI 20 WG | Flubendiamide (200 g/kg) | Benzene dicarboxamides | 50 g/100 L water | MARBAR-CHIMIE |
Variety/Location | Allal Tazi | Marchouch | |
---|---|---|---|
Pod borer damage causing yield losses | Grain Yield (kg/ha) | ||
Farihane | −1.25 * | −0.52 | |
Moubarak | −1.84 ns | −0.99 * | |
Rizki | −0.32 * | 0.90 ns | |
Zahor | −0.84 ** | −0.75 |
Treatments | Mean (%) Larval Mortality | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 DAS | 2 DAS | 3 DAS | 4 DAS | 5 DAS | 6 DAS | |
Emamectin benzoate | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a |
Indoxacarb | 96 ± 2.45 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a |
Chlorantraniliprole | 72 ± 2.00 b | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a |
Deltamethrin | 60 ± 3.16 bc | 64 ± 2.40 b | 68 ± 2.57 b | 68 ± 2.57 b | 72 ± 3.50 b | 76 ± 1.50 b |
Flubendiamide | 36 ± 7.48 cd | 48 ± 2.00 bc | 52 ± 2.45 bc | 60 ± 3.16 b | 64 ± 5.50 b | 76 ± 1.00 b |
Bacillus thuringiensis | 16 ± 2.00 d | 24 ± 3.18 c | 28 ± 3.00 c | 32 ± 3.00 c | 32 ± 3.00 c | 44 ± 2.00 b |
Spinosad | 20 ± 2.10 d | 84 ± 3.78 a | 92 ± 4.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a |
S.E.M | 5.81 | 8.52 | 5.62 | 4.75 | 4.27 | 5.74 |
L.S.D. (5%) | 16.94 | 17.59 | 16.41 | 13.87 | 12.46 | 16.75 |
Treatments | Mean (%) Larval Mortality | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 DAS | 2 DAS | 3 DAS | 4 DAS | 5 DAS | 6 DAS | |
Emamectin benzoate | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 c | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a |
Indoxacarb | 84 ± 3.5 b | 92 ± 2.40 ab | 92 ± 2.40 c | 92 ± 2.40 ab | 92 ± 2.40 ab | 96 ± 2.45 a |
Chlorantraniliprole | 52 ± 6.78 c | 52 ± 3.70 c | 60 ± 2.00 b | 72 ± 2.00 b | 76 ± 2.45 b | 92 ± 2.40 a |
Deltamethrin | 8 ± 1.50 d | 12 ± 1.50 d | 28 ± 3.00 a | 32 ± 2.40 c | 84 ± 1.95 b | 88 ± 2.00 a |
Flubendiamide | 52 ± 2.00 bc | 76 ± 2.00 bc | 88 ± 3.74 c | 88 ± 2.00 ab | 92 ± 2.40 ab | 92 ± 2.40 a |
Bacillus thuringiensis | 0 ± 0.00 d | 16 ± 1.80 d | 32 ± 2.45 a | 68 ± 3.16 b | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a |
Spinosad | 64 ± 2.00 bc | 92 ± 2.40 ab | 100 ± 0.00 c | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a | 100 ± 0.00 a |
S.E.M | 5.80 | 6.91 | 6.85 | 5.78 | 4.67 | 4.64 |
L.S.D. (5%) | 16.94 | 20.18 | 20.00 | 16.86 | 13.63 | 13.54 |
Treatments | Pre Count | Mean No. of Live Larvae per mrl | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Spray | Second Spray | ||||||
3 DAS | 5 DAS | 7 DAS | 3 DAS | 5 DAS | 7 DAS | ||
Emamectin benzoate | 3.25 ± 0.47 a | 0.5 ± 0.28 a | 0.25 ± 0.10 b | 0.25 ± 0.10 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
Indoxacarb | 3.00 ± 0.40 a | 1± 0.00 b | 0.50 ± 0.28 b | 0.50 ± 0.28 b | 0.250 ± 0.10 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
Spinosad | 2.5 ± 0.64 a | 1.25 ± 0.25 ab | 0.75 ± 0.25 b | 0.50 ± 0.28 ab | 0.250 ± 0.10 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
Chlorantraniliprole | 3.00 ± 0.40 a | 1.2 ± 0.25 b | 0.75 ± 0.25 b | 0.50 ± 0.28 b | 0.50 ± 0.28 a | 0.25 ± 0.10 b | 0.25 ± 0.10 a |
Check (water) | 3.00 ± 0.40 a | 3 ± 0.40 c | 3.25 ± 0.47 a | 3.25 ± 0.47 c | 4 ± 0.40 b | 4.00 ± 0.40 a | 4.25 ± 0.47 b |
S.E.M | 0.0939 | 0.889 | 0.286 | 0.1544 | 0.1888 | 0.1206 | 0.1343 |
L.S.D. (5%) | 0.2894 | 2.740 | 0.882 | 0.4759 | 0.5817 | 0.3717 | 0.4138 |
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El Fakhouri, K.; Boulamtat, R.; Sabraoui, A.; El Bouhssini, M. The Chickpea Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner): Yield Loss Estimation and Biorational Insecticide Assessment in Morocco. Agronomy 2022, 12, 3017. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123017
El Fakhouri K, Boulamtat R, Sabraoui A, El Bouhssini M. The Chickpea Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner): Yield Loss Estimation and Biorational Insecticide Assessment in Morocco. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):3017. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123017
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl Fakhouri, Karim, Rachid Boulamtat, Abdelhadi Sabraoui, and Mustapha El Bouhssini. 2022. "The Chickpea Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner): Yield Loss Estimation and Biorational Insecticide Assessment in Morocco" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 3017. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123017
APA StyleEl Fakhouri, K., Boulamtat, R., Sabraoui, A., & El Bouhssini, M. (2022). The Chickpea Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner): Yield Loss Estimation and Biorational Insecticide Assessment in Morocco. Agronomy, 12(12), 3017. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123017