Plant and Microorganism Combined Degradation of Bensulfuron Herbicide in Eight Different Agricultural Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals, Microorganisms, and Culture Medium
2.2. Agricultural Soil Samples
2.3. Inoculum Formulation
2.4. Biodegradation of Pesticides in Liquid Medium
2.5. Biodegradation of BN in Different Types of Soils
2.6. Biodegradation of BN in Sterile and Non-Sterile Soil
2.7. Combined Phytoremediation of Residual BN in Agricultural Soil
2.8. Analytical Method
2.9. Degradation Kinetics
2.10. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis and Explanation of Biodegradation in Liquid Medium
3.2. Soil Properties
3.3. Combined Phytoremediation of Residual BN in Agricultural Soil
3.4. Composition Changes in MC before and after Degradation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number | Source | Type |
---|---|---|
1 | Hengxian County, Nanning, Guangxi Province | Brick red soil, ball clay |
2 | Lichuan County, Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province | Red soil, sandy clay loam |
3 | Qingpu District, Huaian City, Jiangsu Province | Rice soil, sandy loam |
4 | Meishan City, Sichuan Province | Purple soil, silty clay |
5 | Qinxian County, Changzhi City, Shanxi Province | Loess, silty loam |
6 | Tengzhou, Shandong Province | Cinnamon soil, loam |
7 | Shenyang, Liaoning Province | Brown loam, sandy loam |
8 | Fusong County, Baishan City, Jilin Province | Black soil, sandy loam |
Number | Experimental Arrangement |
---|---|
1 | BN (sterile) |
2 | BN (non-sterile) |
3 | BN + DL (non-sterile) |
4 | BN + MC (non-sterile) |
5 | BN + DL + MC (non-sterile) |
Kinetic Equation | Half-Life (d) | K (×10−2)(d−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
MC added | Ct = 50·e−0.0383t | 18.10 | 3.83 |
CK | Ct = 50·e−0.0032t | 214.87 | 0.32 |
Number | pH | Total Salt (mSiemens/cm) | Organic Content (%) | Clay (g/kg) | Silt (g/kg) | Sand (g/kg) | Microbial Degradation (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.96 | 0.07 | 0.31 | 627.41 | 237.69 | 134.90 | 20.00 |
2 | 4.96 | 0.02 | 0.84 | 270.71 | 107.70 | 581.82 | 14.00 |
3 | 8.14 | 0.24 | 1.15 | 110.34 | 263.70 | 563.89 | 48.00 |
4 | 7.31 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 439.54 | 405.77 | 28.63 | 64.00 |
5 | 8.26 | 0.41 | 2.72 | 177.42 | 540.04 | 282.54 | 59.00 |
6 | 7.94 | 0.22 | 1.57 | 224.62 | 476.09 | 299.29 | 39.00 |
7 | 7.90 | 0.11 | 1.67 | 243.18 | 127.63 | 566.29 | 61.00 |
8 | 7.23 | 0.50 | 3.55 | 150.80 | 328.88 | 520.32 | 33.00 |
Treatments | Stem Length (cm) | Stem Dry Weight (×10−2) (g) | Root Dry Weight (×10−3) (g) |
---|---|---|---|
DL only | 32.14 | 57.30 | 85.38 |
DL + BN | 35.35 | 47.60 | 51.23 |
DL + BN + 3% MC | 35.49 | 54.96 | 64.20 |
DL + BN + 5% MC | 32.85 | 49.49 | 51.37 |
DL + BN + 10% MC | 32.88 | 45.97 | 48.90 |
Treatment | Degradation (%) | S-UR (ug/g) | S-CAT (mmol/g) |
---|---|---|---|
Initial | 30.00 | 1388.00 | 87.60 |
Add 3% MC | 61.00 | 1510.00 | 93.20 |
Add DL | 57.30 | 1288.00 | 82.12 |
Add DL and 3% MC | 79.00 | 1837.00 | 99.79 |
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Zhang, Y.; Wang, X.; Liu, W.; Ge, L. Plant and Microorganism Combined Degradation of Bensulfuron Herbicide in Eight Different Agricultural Soils. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2989. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122989
Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu W, Ge L. Plant and Microorganism Combined Degradation of Bensulfuron Herbicide in Eight Different Agricultural Soils. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):2989. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122989
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yanan, Xin Wang, Wenrui Liu, and Ling Ge. 2022. "Plant and Microorganism Combined Degradation of Bensulfuron Herbicide in Eight Different Agricultural Soils" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 2989. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122989