Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield Components of Traditional and Improved Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes in Malaysia

Abstract

Rice is the most important staple cereal human nutrition and consumed by 75% of the global population. Rice plants need a supply of essential nutrients for their optimal growth. Rice production has increased tremendously in Malaysia insensitive irrigation and the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. However, the effect of using inorganic fertilizers resulted in contamination of ground water and decreased the productivity of soil, which in turn affected the rice production in the long term. The use of organic manure may help to regain the soil health, but that is insufficient for providing the essential nutrients to achieve optimal growth. Therefore, the use of organic manure combined with inorganic fertilizers is applied to obtain optimum yields. This study aims to test the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield components of 65 rice genotypes. The pot experiment was conducted at the net house on field 10, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, Malaysia, during the period of February to June 2019 and August to December 2019 in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. There were three treatment combinations viz. T₁: 5 t ha⁻¹ chicken manure (CM), T₂: 2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR, T₃: 100% (150 N: 60 P₂O₅: 60 K₂O kg ha⁻¹) and chemical fertilizer recommended rate (CFRR). Grain and straw samples were collected for chemical analysis, and physical parameters were measured at the harvest stage. Results showed that most of the growth and yield components were significantly influenced due to the application of organic manure with chemical fertilizer. The application of chemical fertilizer alone or in combination with organic manure resulted in a significant increase in growth, yield component traits, and nutrient content (N, P, and K) of all rice genotypes. Treatment of 2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR as well as 100% CFRR showed a better performance than the other treatments. It was observed that the yield of rice genotypes can be increased substantially with the judicious application of organic manure with chemical fertilizer. The benefits of the mixed fertilization (organic + inorganic) were not only the crop yields but also the promotion of soil health, the reduction of chemical fertilizer input, etc.

1. Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a widely farmed food crop that provides sustenance for more than half of the world’s population. “Rice is life” is the most appropriate slogan for the world, as this grain is critical to our national food security and provides a source of income for millions of rural people. Despite the enormous area under rice production, production is low due to a number of interrelated problems. One of the main causes of low production is an imbalance in fertilizer use, and the continued use of inorganic fertilizers has resulted in a decline in soil fertility. The use of inorganic fertilizers in conjunction with organic resources resulted in the highest grain and straw yields [1]. Using organic manure and chemical fertilizers in tandem would be very promising, not just in terms of increasing output stability but also in terms of improving soil fertility [2].

Organic manuring is becoming an increasingly significant part of environmentally healthy, long-term farming. Plant nutrients are replenished in agricultural soils primarily through inorganic, organic, and biofertilizers [3]. Inorganic fertilizers are used indefinitely, causing a decline in soil chemical, physical, and biological qualities, as well as soil health [4]. Chemical fertilizer’s negative effects, combined with rising prices, have sparked a surge in interest in organic fertilizers as a nutritional source [4,5]. For sustainable agricultural production, the use of organic resources as fertilizers has obtained plenty of attention [6,7]. Organic materials have a plenty of potential as a source of numerous nutrients and as a method for improving soil properties [8].

However, due to the comparatively low nutrient content of organic manures, they may not be enough to meet the plant’s needs. The application of organic manure with chemical fertilizer increases microbial activity, nutrient usage efficiency, and the availability of native nutrients to plants, resulting in increased nutrient uptake [9]. To obtain optimal yields, it is vital to employ organic manures in conjunction with inorganic fertilizers to provide the soil with all of the plant nutrients in easily available form and to maintain good soil health [10]. With a combination of safe modern technologies and traditional organic agriculture, which is not in its orthodox form, it has the potential to be approved for increased yields.

The use of organic manure in conjunction with chemical fertilizers has the potential to improve soil fertility and crop output. Integrated plant nutrition systems, particularly using organic manure, could improve crop productivity in intensive cropping systems. Organic manure has lately been discovered to be an excellent source of plant nutrients in the soil. Farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic N and P fertilizers were used together to improve chemical and physical qualities, which could lead to increased and sustainable rice production [11]. Organic manure can provide a good amount of plant nutrients, which can help increase rice yield. As a result, in order to achieve a sustainable crop yield without depleting soil fertility, it is necessary to fertilize and manure in a coordinated manner.

Most cultivated soils in the world have less than 1.5% organic matter, although a good agricultural soil should have at least 2% organic matter. The use of organic manure in conjunction with chemical fertilizers can significantly boost rice output and soil productivity [12]. In a rice–rice cropping pattern, the integrated use of chemical and organic manure is critical for long-term crop productivity and soil fertility [2]. Soil organic matter boosts crop output by improving the physicochemical characteristics of the soil. Organic waste, farmyard manure, compost, and chicken manure have recently received attention as the most effective techniques for boosting soil fertility and thus crop output. Higher crop production necessitates a well-balanced mix of organic and inorganic fertilizer sources.

Inorganic fertilizers were employed with little or no addition of organic manure to generate increased rice yields. Even while inorganic fertilizers resulted in increased agricultural yields, the overuse of them was linked to deteriorated soil characteristics and degraded soils, resulting in lower yields in the future [13]. Chemical fertilizers, growth regulators, and pesticides are completely reliant on chemical fertilizers, growth regulators, and pesticides in the Western world to boost crop yield. Chemical fertilizer use has been linked to a number of negative health and environmental consequences [14]. Taking these factors into account, a middle ground between organic and inorganic fertilizer use for rice cultivation is necessary.

Chicken manure has been considered to be a soil additive to reduce the use of mineral fertilizers because it provides required nutrient amounts, increases cation-exchange capacity, and improves water-holding capacity. Chicken manure not only increases the yield of rice but can also substitute chemical fertilizers to some extent.

However, the use of organic manure alone might not meet the plant requirement due to presence of a relatively low content of nutrients. The application of organic manure with chemical fertilizer accelerates the microbial activity, increases nutrient use efficiency, and enhances the availability of the native nutrients to the plants, resulting in a higher nutrient uptake. Therefore, in order to make the soil well supplied with all the plant nutrients in the readily available form and to maintain good soil health, it is necessary to use organic manure in combination with inorganic fertilizers to obtain optimum yields.

Therefore, the present research work was undertaken to investigate the effect of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of traditional and improved rice genotypes.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material

A total of 64 traditional and improved rice cultivars were evaluated in this study. The cultivars were obtained from different sources. The genotypes names and origin are presented in Table 1. First, the seeds were dried under sunlight for 8 h before soaking in a Petri dish and being placed in a dark incubator for 2 days. After that, the germinated seeds were sown in the seed tray.

Table 1. Name, origin, grain size, shape, and status of sample of 64 traditional and improved rice genotypes.

Code No	Name of Genotype	Source Country	Grain Size and Shape	Status of Sample
G1	Pukhi	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G2	Panbira	Bangladesh	SB	Traditional cultivar
G3	Dharial	Bangladesh	MB	Traditional cultivar
G4	Utri	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G5	Luanga	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G6	Kaisa panja	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G7	Vandana	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G8	Dular	Bangladesh	MB	Traditional cultivar
G9	Sondhamoni	Bangladesh	MB	Traditional cultivar
G10	Hasikamli	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G11	Dumai	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G12	Parija	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G13	Kataktara	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G14	Balirdia	Bangladesh	SB	Traditional cultivar
G15	Binnatoa	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G16	Parangi	Bangladesh	MB	Traditional cultivar
G17	Chengri	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G18	Dhala saitta	Bangladesh	SB	Traditional cultivar
G19	Morich boti	Bangladesh	SB	Traditional cultivar
G20	Saitta	Bangladesh	MB	Traditional cultivar
G21	Lal Dular	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G22	Nayan moni	Bangladesh	MS	Traditional cultivar
G23	Kalabokra	Bangladesh	MB	Traditional cultivar
G24	HUA565	Philippines	MS	Improved cultivar
G25	Takanari	Philippines	MB	Improved cultivar
G26	Kachalath	India	MS	Traditional cultivar
G27	Wkhi1	Philippines	MB	Improved cultivar
G28	Hukurikul193	Philippines	MB	Improved cultivar
G29	ML6	Malaysia	LS	Breeding line
G30	ML9	Malaysia	LS	Breeding line
G31	Wanxiam-P10	Malaysia	MS	Traditional cultivar
G32	RENGAN WANG	Malaysia	LS	Traditional cultivar
G33	PETEH PERAK	Malaysia	LB	Traditional cultivar
G34	WANGI PUTEH	Malaysia	MB	Traditional cultivar
G35	KUNYIT	Malaysia	MS	Traditional cultivar
G36	GHAU	Malaysia	LS	Traditional cultivar
G37	LALAMG	Malaysia	MS	Traditional cultivar
G38	MGAWA	Malaysia	MS	Traditional cultivar
G39	SUNGKAI	Malaysia	MS	Traditional cultivar
G40	UGAN	Malaysia	LS	Traditional cultivar
G41	TADOM	Malaysia	MS	Traditional cultivar
G42	BANGKUL	Malaysia	MS	Traditional cultivar
G43	NMR151	Malaysia	LS	Improved cultivar
G44	NMR152	Malaysia	LS	Improved cultivar
G45	MR297	Malaysia	LS	Improved cultivar
G46	Putra 1	Malaysia	LS	Improved cultivar
G47	Putra 2	Malaysia	LS	Improved cultivar
G48	MR 303	Malaysia	LS	Improved cultivar
G49	MR 309	Malaysia	LS	Improved cultivar
G50	BR24	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G51	BRRI dhan48	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G52	BRRI dhan82	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G53	BRRI dhan72	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G54	BRRI dhan28	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G55	BRRI dhan39	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G56	BRRI dhan42	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G57	BRRI dhan43	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G58	BRRI dhan46	Bangladesh	SB	Improved cultivar
G59	BRRI dhan75	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G60	BRRI dhan55	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G61	BRRI dhan69	Bangladesh	MS	Improved cultivar
G62	B370	India	LS	Improved cultivar
G63	BINASAIL	Bangladesh	MB	Improved cultivar
G64	BINA dhan7	Bangladesh	MB	Improved cultivar

2.2. Site of Experimentation

The pot experiment was conducted in a net house at the field 10, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia. The experiment was conducted in two seasons, the first season being from February 2019 to June 2019 and the second season from August 2019 to December 2019. Geographically, the place is located at about 3°02′ N latitude and 101°42′ E longitude with an elevation of 31 m from the sea level, and it is characterized by a humid tropical climate. Details of the weather information are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Month-wise average of daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean temperature, and rainfall at UPM during experimentation period from February to June (1st planting season) and from August to December (2nd planting season) 2019.

1st Planting				Rain Fall (mm)	2nd Planting				Rain Fall (mm)
Temperature (°C)					Temperature (°C)
Month	Max.	Min.	Ave.		Month	Max.	Min.	Ave.
February	35.52	26.23	30.88	118.76	August	33.48	25.57	29.53	114.76
March	35.34	26.18	30.76	119.45	September	33.24	25.34	29.29	120.39
April	35.48	26.14	30.81	120.62	October	32.72	25.11	28.92	232.73
May	34.75	25.77	30.26	121.58	November	32.66	24.82	28.74	235.41
June	34.60	25.63	30.12	121.74	December	31.54	24.59	28.07	242.93
Average	35.14	25.99	30.57		Average	32.73	25.09	28.91
Total				602.15	Total				946.22

2.3. Experimental Design and Treatments

The experiment was conducted following a randomized complete block design with three replication on each treatment. Twenty-day-old seedlings of each test genotypes were transplanted, and two seedlings were used per hill in 45 cm diameter and 52 cm height plastic pot with 15 kg soil and 20 cm spacing between hills. There were three (3) treatment combinations with chicken manure (CM) and chemical fertilizer recommended rate (CFRR) for high goal (HYG) as follows—T₁: CM (5 t ha⁻¹), T₂: CM (2.5 t ha⁻¹) + 50% CFRR (NPK) and T₃: 100% CFRR (NPK).

2.4. Application of Fertilizer and Operational of Intercultural

Organic fertilizer was incorporated into the soil before crop establishment, while a compound fertilizer (NPK 2.16:1.89:0.79) was applied at the rate of 5 t ha⁻¹. Triple super phosphate and muriate of potash were applied during final pot preparation, and urea was applied in two split doses at 25 days after seeding (DAS) and at 55 DAS, to supply total recommended nutrient of 150 N: 60 P₂O₅: 60 k₂O kg ha⁻¹. Both organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were applied as prescribed by the treatments. Weeding and other management practices were performed as and when required. Irrigation was also conducted whenever required.

2.5. Soil Analyses

Initial soil samples were taken from the surface to a depth of 0–15 cm. The samples were air-dried and crushed to pass through a 2 mm (10 meshes) sieve after being free of weeds, plant roots, stubbles, and stones. After that, the samples were placed in clean plastic bags to be analyzed chemically and mechanically. Standard procedures were used to assess the physical and chemical qualities of the initial and postharvest soil samples in Table 3. The textural class was calculated by projecting the values for percent sand, percent silt, and percent clay to the Marshall’s Triangular Coordinate following the USDA methodology, and the particle size analysis of the soil was performed by hydrometer method [15]. Organic matter was determined by Walkley and Black method [16], soil pH (1:2.5 soil-water) by glass electrode pH meter method [17], total N by semi-micro Kjeldahl method [18], available P by Olsen method [19], exchangeable K by flame photometer after extraction with 1N NH₄OA_c at pH 7.0 [20], available S by extracting soil samples with CaCl2, solution (0.15%), and by measuring turbidity by spectrophotometer [21] method and CEC by sodium saturation method [15].

Table 3. Physiochemical characteristics of the initial and postharvest soil sample at the pot experiment on over two planting seasons, 2019.

Soil Characters	Initial	After Crop Harvest
		5 t/ha CM		2.5 t/ha CM + 50% CF		100% CF
		1st Planting	2nd Planting	1st Planting	2nd Planting	1st Planting	2nd Planting
pH	5.9	6.01	6.03	6.02	6.03	6.0	6.01
EC (μS/cm)	54	57	59	61	64	63	67
CEC	16.72	17.23	17.83	18.54	19.36	19.22	19.48
Organic carbon (%)	0.67	0.71	0.74	0.76	0.81	0.77	0.80
Organic matter (%)	1.32	1.57	1.66	1.54	1.59	1.49	1.55
Total N (%)	0.07	0.09	0.12	0.11	0.14	0.15	0.18
Exchangeable K (cmolkg−1)	0.28	0.31	0.33	0.33	0.37	0.36	0.39
Available P (mgkg−1)	17.54	17.86	18.32	18.59	19.83	19.45	19.78
Sand	31.63	31.95	32.24	32.56	32.84	31.69	32.27
Silt	34.18	34.36	35.22	35.51	35.79	35.62	36.45
Clay	27.49	27.64	28.27	28.33	28.65	27.74	28.46
Soil texture	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam	Clay loam

Chemical properties of the chicken manure (dry basis).

Properties	Percentage
N	2.16%
P	1.89%
K	0.79%

2.6. Plant Tissue Analyses

After harvest, plant samples were collected from each treatment, and the samples were separated into the shoot (above ground plant parts excluding the grains), root, and grain, after which they were oven-dried at 70 °C for 72 h. Oven-dried samples were ground in the laboratory using a Wiley hammer mill with 1 mm mesh size. The samples were analyzed for total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). The nutrients were determined using acid wet digestion method [22]. For the digestion process, ground samples of 0.25 g were transferred to clean 100 mL digestion flask, and 5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) was added to each flask. The samples were allowed to stand for 2 h, after which 2 mL of 50% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was added. The flasks were heated for 45 min at 285 °C and then allowed to cool. This process was repeated twice to let the digestion be clear (colorless). The flasks were then removed from the digestion block, cooled to room temperature, and made up to 100 mL with distilled water filtered through filter paper (Whatman no. 1). The digested samples were stored in plastic vials before analysis for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Nitrogen and potassium were determined with auto analyzer (AA) (Lachat instrument, Milwaukee, WI, USA), while potassium, calcium, and magnesium were determined using automatic absorption spectrometer (ASS) (Perkin Elmer, 5100, Waltham, MA, USA).

2.7. Obtaining the Data

The data on morphological, physiological, and yield characteristics were collected in this study, which includes the quantitative characters that can be counted or measured using specific measuring tools such as plant height (PH, cm), total number of tiller per plant (NT, no.), total number of panicle per plant (NP, no.), panicle length (PL, cm), number of filled grains per panicle (NFG, no), number of unfilled grains per panicle (UNFG, no), 1000 grain weight (TGW, g), grain yield per plant (YP, g), straw yield per plant (SY, g), harvest index (HI,%), and nutrient content (N, P, and K) of grain and straw samples.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

All evaluated data were analyzed by pooled statistical analysis software (SAS) version 9.4 to test for significant differences using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure and least significant differences (LSD) (p ≤ 0.001, 0.05) to compare among the significant characteristics mean using the Duncan’s new multiple range test (DNMRT) [23]. Prior to running ANOVA, data were tested for normal distribution and homogeneity of variance. These were used to determine the level of variation of all observed traits, which was brought about by genotypes, seasons, treatments, genotypes by treatments, genotypes by seasons, and genotypes by treatments by seasons to determine the level of variations.

3. Results

3.1. Morphological Traits

3.1.1. Plant Height

Plant height at the time when the plant reaches maturity varied from genotype to genotype; there was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.01) among the rice genotype, treatment, genotype by treatment, and genotype by season (combination of genotype and season) as presented in Table 4. Results indicated that the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) produced the tallest plant height recorded in kalabokra (G23) (171.39 cm) followed by Kataktara (G13), Kaisa panja (G6), Saitta (G20), Nayan moni (G22), Parija (G12), and Panbira (G2) (169.98, 169.68, 163.97, 163.87, 163.45, and 162.65 cm, respectively), which were significantly higher than other treatments except T₃ (100% CFRR), which had a similar plant height. The application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) produced a shorter plant height recorded in BRRI dhan69 (G61), BRRI dhan46 (G58), BRRI dhan75 (G59), BRRI dhan42 (G56), BINA dhan7 (G64), BRRI dhan48 (G51), and BRRI dhan55 (G60) (114.77, 115.94, 115.99, 117.56, 117.74, 117.82, and 117.91 cm, respectively) was presented in Table 5.

Table 4. Pooled analysis of variance mean square of growth traits across two planting seasons.

Variable	DF	PH	NT	NFG	NUFG	NP	PL	1000-GW	YP	SY	HI
Replication with seasons (R)	4	188.37 **	21.66 **	1476.35 **	1110.73 **	12.53 **	7.87 **	7.79 **	1.71 **	86.66 **	0.01 **
Seasons (S)	1	137.78 **	227.57 **	1884.81 **	1146.12 **	147.20 **	0.46ns	5.68 **	75.21 **	124.79 **	0.01 **
Treatments (T)	2	2865.25 **	249.86 **	13191.15 **	3290.56 **	120.86 **	28.72 **	67.11 **	119.63 *	701.82 **	0.13 **
S × T	2	50.15 **	2.09 *	27.93 ns	34.96 **	9.04 **	16.95 **	1.10 **	5.76 **	16.10 **	0.01 **
S × R × T (Error a)	8	0.84 ns	14.25 **	22.98 ns	5.11 ns	11.28 **	4.04 **	1.09 **	1.17 **	9.76 **	0.00 ns
Genotypes (G)	63	3433.63 **	54.74 **	8967.37 **	1982.55 **	28.44 **	125.48 **	152.32 **	186.68 **	159.08 **	0.20 **
G × S	63	1.92 **	0.94 **	32.94 **	16.30 **	0.90 **	2.50 **	0.27 **	0.88 **	1.14 **	0.00 **
G × T	126	10.62 **	2.77 **	39.62 **	19.56 **	1.97 **	2.54 **	3.59 **	0.71 **	8.51 **	0.00 **
G × S × T	126	2.09 **	0.88 **	13.60 ns	4.96 **	0.82 **	2.27 **	0.20 ns	0.39 ns	0.83 ns	0.0 **
Error b	756	0.92	0.59	11.56	3.06	0.58	0.74	0.16	0.38	0.96	0.00

** = significant at p ≤ 0.01, * = significant at p ≤ 0.05, ns = not significant, DF = degree of freedom, PH = Plant height, NT = Number of tillers per plant, NFG = Number of filled grains per panicle, NUFG = Number of unfilled grains per panicle, NP = Number of panicles per plant, PL = panicle length, 1000-GW = 1000 grain weight, YP = Yield per plant, SY = Straw yield and HI = Harvest index.

Table 5. Plant height and number of tillers per plant of 64 rice genotypes as influenced by treatment and genotype (pooled over two seasons).

Genotype (G)	Treatment (T)	PH (cm)								NT
G1	1	137.14b	G17	140.56b	G33	145.81b	G49	125.87b	G1	9.33a	G17	9.72b	G33	7.56b	G49	11.72a
	2	140.29a		145.12a		149.51a		130.19a		10.74a		12.36a		9.72a		13.64a
	3	139.15ab		143.98a		145.6b		124.27b		10.25a		11.42ab		9.11b		12.48a
LSD(0.05)		2.96		2.67		2.99		2.38		1.88		1.92		1.11		1.45
G2	1	155.11b	G18	145.65b	G34	141.69b	G50	119.92b	G2	6.73a	G18	10.36b	G34	7.99b	G50	11.56a
	2	162.65a		149.17a		144.25a		122.64a		7.42a		12.62a		9.26a		13.73a
	3	156.81b		145.02b		143.69ab		120.19b		6.88a		11.37ab		8.79a		11.69a
LSD(0.05)		2.55		2.24		2.45		1.96		1.16		1.88		1.13		1.95
G3	1	136.84c	G19	141.65a	G35	138.04c	G51	117.82b	G3	8.38b	G19	9.63b	G35	6.56a	G51	11.56b
	2	144.13a		142.66a		144.66a		122.43a		10.26a		11.28a		7.36a		13.73a
	3	140.86b		143.12a		140.66b		120.61a		9.66ab		10.82ab		7.11a		11.89ab
LSD(0.05)		3.06		3.61		2.38		2.69		1.88		1.92		1.07		1.88
G4	1	143.69a	G20	161.74a	G36	139.14a	G52	121.07b	G4	9.37a	G20	7.46b	G36	8.27b	G52	11.34a
	2	146.14a		163.98a		141.91a		125.11a		10.66a		9.27		9.72a		12.63a
	3	144.34a		163.55a		130.61b		124.97a		10.37a		8.79ab		8.32b		11.88a
LSD(0.05)		2.98		3.1		2.9		2.05		1.62		1.62		1.1		1.83
G5	1	156.1ab	G21	143.9b	G37	136.5b	G53	119.77b	G5	8.45b	G21	10.27a	G37	9.45ab	G53	11.74a
	2	160.08a		150.05a		140.57a		123.5a		10.73a		12.44a		9.68a		12.59a
	3	154.63b		146.86b		141.04a		121.63ab		9.66b		11.56a		8.37b		11.28a
LSD(0.05)		4.12		3.04		2.72		2.97		1.45		1.88		1.11		1.74
G6	1	164.8b	G22	159.69b	G38	147.22b	G54	118.05a	G6	7.47b	G22	6.56b	G38	8.57a	G54	11.46a
	2	169.68a		163.87a		153.49a		120.74a		9.52a		8.88a		9.27a		12.38a
	3	163.82b		161.79ab		151.4a		110.01a		9.07b		8.52a		8.79a		11.88a
LSD(0.05)		3.35		3.78		3.14		3.1		1.16		1.17		1.07		2.44
G7	1	155.23b	G23	164.45b	G39	143.11b	G55	118.39a	G7	8.38a	G23	8.33b	G39	7.58a	G55	11.38
	2	160.37a		171.39a		150.24a		121.79a		9.89a		9.52ab		8.55a		13.73
	3	159.43a		169.75a		147.58a		121.5a		9.46a		9.27a		7.69a		11.69
LSD(0.05)		3.16		3.59		3.47		3.76		1.46		1.39		1.61		1.61
G8	1	141.71b	G24	121.69b	G40	140.05b	G56	117.65b	G8	9.73a	G24	8.67b	G40	8.67b	G56	9.67b
	2	144.72a		126.78a		143.78a		122.45a		11.56a		10.46ab		9.62a		12.61a
	3	142.04ab		124.61ab		140.42b		121.12a		10.74a		9.66a		8.93b		11.37a
LSD(0.05)		2.77		3.47		2.38		2.12		2.4		1.46		1.09		2.19
G9	1	144.1b	G25	128.91b	G41	149.51b	G57	119.56b	G9	8.45b	G25	12.62a	G41	7.66a	G57	9.66a
	2	149.9a		133.67a		153.93a		124.16a		10.69a		14.88a		8.72a		11.83a
	3	143.78b		131.15ab		150.76ab		121.09b		9.53ab		14.47b		8.33a		11.25a
LSD(0.05)		3.44		2.74		3.49		2.82		1.64		1.95		1.45		1.88
G10	1	140.26b	G26	136.12b	G42	147.1b	G58	115.94b	G10	10.55a	G26	11.27b	G42	7.37a	G58	8.67b
	2	146.85a		141.49a		150.59a		121.4a		11.21a		12.68a		8.62a		11.62a
	3	144.33a		137.78b		146.12b		122.01a		10.2a		11.85b		8.23a		9.56b
LSD(0.05)		2.71		1.9		2.89		3.34		1.13		1.89		1.61		1.72
G11	1	133.97c	G27	140.68a	G43	131.68b	G59	115.99c	G11	10.62a	G27	8.23a	G43	9.56b	G59	11.72b
	2	141.99a		143.55a		137.73a		121.33a		11.83a		8.99a		12.62a		13.67a
	3	137.92b		142.36a		131.68b		118.65b		10.75a		8.72a		11.38a		12.48ab
LSD(0.05)		3.17		2.96		2.71		1.75		1.59		1.82		1.13		1.52
G12	1	155.72b	G28	137.12	G44	127.26c	G60	117.91c	G12	8.32b	G28	10.62ab	G44	10.51a	G60	8.62b
	2	163.45b		143.41		132.71a		123.66a		9.62a		12.67a		12.27a		11.52a
	3	157.72a		139.04		130.17b		120.8b		8.78b		11.77b		11.89a		10.37a
LSD(0.05)		3.29		3.13		2.38		1.13		1.22		1.98		2.37		1.49
G13	1	165.87b	G29	132.12b	G45	128.46b	G61	114.77b	G13	6.72b	G29	11.56b	G45	12.71a	G61	10.72b
	2	169.98a		134.78a		133.37a		120.79a		8.67a		12.71a		14.56a		12.66a
	3	166.25b		133.54ab		126.07b		122.43a		7.26b		11.89b		13.44a		11.45b
LSD(0.05)		3.5		2.41		3.44		2.59		1.15		1.85		2.54		1.85
G14	1	141.7b	G30	127.22b	G46	126.94b	G62	121.6b	G14	9.86b	G30	10.78b	G46	13.62a	G62	8.52b
	2	146.11a		133.89a		132.66a		126.13a		11.36a		12.61a		14.67a		9.69a
	3	143.67ab		131.58a		131.18a		124.68ab		11.72a		10.92b		13.85a		9.28ab
LSD(0.05)		2.91		3.29		1.65		3.49		1.89		2.07		2.48		1.2
G15	1	143.19b	G31	143.83b	G47	125.98c	G63	119.15b	G15	8.56b	G31	7.56b	G47	12.61b	G63	8.36b
	2	148.12a		150.16a		131.07a		123.7a		12.62a		8.82a		14.56a		11.82a
	3	144.11b		145.89b		129.2b		121.09b		11.35a		7.64b		12.72ab		10.72a
LSD(0.05)		3.18		2.78		1.69		2.01		1.62		1.12		1.87		1.52
G16	1	145.75b	G32	138.84b	G48	122.77c	G64	117.74b	G16	9.26a	G32	6.46b	G48	10.61a	G64	9.61a
	2	153.95a		142.38a		130.15a		119.59b		11.56a		7.88a		11.59a		10.77a
	3	151.35a		140.18ab		125.84b		124.64a		11.21a		7.17ab		11.27a		10.28a
LSD(0.05)		3.15		3.18		2.91		2.8		2.71		1.12		1.94		1.87

In a column, means with similar letter (s) are statistically identical, and those with dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability, T₁ = 5 t ha⁻¹ CM, T₂ = 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + 50% CFRR, T₃ = 100% CFRR, PH= plant height, and NT= number of tillers per hill.

3.1.2. Number of Tillers per Plant

The number of tillers per plant showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.01) among the rice genotype, treatment, genotype by treatment, and genotype by season (combination of genotype and season) as presented in Table 4. Results indicated that the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) produced a significantly higher number of tillers plant⁻¹ recorded in Takanari (G25) (14.88) followed by Putra 1 (G46), MR297 (G45), Putra 2 (G47), BR24 (G50), BRRI dhan48 (G51), and BRRI dhan39 (G55) (14.67, 14.56, 14.55, 13.77, 13.74, and 13.73, respectively), which were significantly higher than other treatments except T₃ (100% CFRR), which had a similar number of tillers plant⁻¹. The application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) gave the lowest number of tillers plant⁻¹ recorded in RENGAN WANG (G32), KUNYIT (G35), Nayan moni (G22), Kataktara (G13), Panbira (G2), BANGKUL (G42), and Saitta (G20) (6.46, 6.56, 6.55, 6.72, 6.73, 7.37, and 7.46, respectively) was presented in Table 5.

3.2. Physiological Traits

Straw Yield per Plant and Harvest Index

Straw yield per plant and harvest index showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.01) among the rice genotype, treatment, genotype by treatment, and genotype by season (combination of genotype and season) as presented in Table 4. Results indicated that the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) produced a significantly higher straw yield recorded in BRRI dhan39 (G55) (28.73 g plant⁻¹) followed by BR24 (G50), BRRI dhan75 (G59), BRRI dhan72 (G53), and BRRI dhan48 (G51) (28.63, 28.43, 28.15, and 27.84 g plant⁻¹, respectively), and harvest index recorded in MR309 (G49) (0.73%) followed by Putra 1 (G46), BR24 (G50), MR297 (G45), and Putra 2 (G47) (0.73%, 0.72%, 0.70%, and 0.67%, respectively) were significantly higher than other treatments except T₃ (100% CFRR), which had a similar straw yield and harvest index. The application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) recorded a lower straw yield in Kalabokra (G23), Vandana (G7), Kataktara (G13), Luanga (G5), and Panbira (G2) (15.18, 15.75, 16.44, 16.77, and 17.25), and harvest index recorded in RENGAN WANG (G32), Wanxiam-P10 (G31), BRRI dhan43 (G57), B370 (G62), and WANGI PUTEH (G34) (0.30%, 0.32%, 0.32%, 0.34%, and 0.35%, respectively) were presented in Table 6.

Table 6. Straw yield and harvest index of 64 rice genotypes as influenced by treatment and genotype (pooled over two seasons).

Genotype (G)	Treatment (G)	SY (g)								HI (%)
G1	1	22.82b	G17	23.38a	G33	19.53c	G49	25.55a	G1	0.57a	G17	0.58b	G33	0.42a	G49	0.68a
	2	24.63a		24.85a		23.48a		27.38a		0.57a		0.56b		0.47a		0.66a
	3	24.28a		24.17a		21.36b		25.38a		0.56a		0.65a		0.44a		0.69a
LSD(0.05)		1.31		1.28		1.83		2.74		0.03		0.02		0.07		0.03
G2	1	17.25a	G18	22.95a	G34	21.73b	G50	26.33a	G2	0.51a	G18	0.63a	G34	0.38a	G50	0.68ab
	2	18.73a		24.89a		23.67a		28.63a		0.54a		0.6a		0.39a		0.67b
	3	18.34a		23.78a		20.19b		27.16a		0.54a		0.65a		0.39a		0.71a
LSD(0.05)		1.82		2.44		1.66		3.11		0.05		0.05		0.03		0.04
G3	1	24.56ab	G19	23.56b	G35	19.2a	G51	25.68b	G3	0.52b	G19	0.59b	G35	0.42a	G51	0.63b
	2	25.38a		27.45a		23.45b		27.84a		0.54ab		0.61b		0.44a		0.63b
	3	23.68b		26.63a		20.63		27.07ab		0.58a		0.68a		0.46a		0.69a
LSD(0.05)		1.69		1.81		1.81		1.66		0.06		0.03		0.06		0.03
G4	1	23.67ab	G20	17.48b	G36	22.36b	G52	27.34a	G4	0.54b	G20	0.51b	G36	0.36b	G52	0.62a
	2	24.26a		18.93a		24.61a		18.56a		0.51b		0.54ab		0.41a		0.63a
	3	22.35b		16.88b		22.85b		27.22a		0.58a		0.59a		0.39a		0.63a
LSD(0.05)		2.49		1.68		2.26		2.86		0.03		0.05		0.03		0.02
G5	1	16.77b	G21	22.62ab	G37	19.63b	G53	27.44a	G5	0.47a	G21	0.6a	G37	0.48ab	G53	0.64a
	2	18.72a		25.21a		24.58a		28.15a		0.46a		0.56a		0.43b		0.64a
	3	18.58ab		21.46b		20.47b		27.8a		0.47a		0.57a		0.53a		0.67a
LSD(0.05)		1.96		2.85		2.49		3.05		0.04		0.04		0.06		0.04
G6	1	17.83ab	G22	17.27b	G38	18.53ab	G54	25.46a	G6	0.46a	G22	0.51ab	G38	0.44b	G54	0.39a
	2	20.35a		20.84a		20.74a		27.39a		0.39b		0.5b		0.44b		0.42a
	3	17.42b		17.11b		17.83b		25.28a		0.47a		0.56a		0.48a		0.45a
LSD(0.05)		2.66		1.79		2.10		3.37		0.02		0.05		0.02		0.07
G7	1	15.75b	G23	15.18b	G39	18.93b	G55	27.16ab	G7	0.44a	G23	0.48a	G39	0.37ab	G55	0.6ab
	2	18.33a		19.34a		23.45a		28.73a		0.49a		0.44a		0.35b		0.57b
	3	16.72b		16.78b		19.75b		26.38b		0.47a		0.49a		0.39a		0.63a
LSD(0.05)		1.79		2.11		1.99		2.09		0.05		0.09		0.02		0.04
G8	1	22.95b	G24	26.56a	G40	20.53b	G56	26.56ab	G8	0.52b	G24	0.68a	G40	0.45b	G56	0.38b
	2	25.74a		27.43a		22.39a		27.44a		0.55b		0.68ab		0.45b		0.35b
	3	23.56b		25.93a		19.63b		23.71b		0.6a		0.64b		0.51a		0.48a
LSD(0.05)		1.72		2.24		1.98		2.89		0.02		0.04		0.04		0.06
G9	1	24.53ab	G25	22.97b	G41	18.37b	G57	24.78a	G9	0.56b	G25	0.64a	G41	0.43a	G57	0.36b
	2	25.98a		25.26a		21.83a		27.29a		0.53b		0.59b		0.4a		0.4b
	3	23.37b		22.57b		18.97b		25.48a		0.62a		0.65a		0.44a		0.36a
LSD(0.05)		2.44		2.22		1.67		3.08		0.03		0.04		0.04		0.02
G10	1	22.89b	G26	23.66a	G42	18.35a	G58	25.97a	G10	0.59a	G26	0.56a	G42	0.42b	G58	0.38a
	2	25.57a		24.39a		20.54a		27.45a		0.54b		0.54a		0.42b		0.39a
	3	24.65a		22.83a		17.82a		26.88a		0.6a		0.57a		0.51a		0.39a
LSD(0.05)		3.21		2.11		2.33		3.48		0.03		0.04		0.07		0.05
G11	1	25.64c	G27	19.37b	G43	22.78b	G59	27.37ab	G11	0.55b	G27	0.41a	G43	0.37b	G59	0.6b
	2	21.52a		21.19a		25.26a		28.43a		0.63a		0.43a		0.38b		0.6ab
	3	18.86b		19.24b		21.83b		26.35b		0.64a		0.41a		0.43a		0.62a
LSD(0.05)		2.33		1.64		1.84		2.21		0.05		0.03		0.02		0.02
G12	1	17.44b	G28	24.08a	G44	21.67b	G60	24.35a	G12	0.49b	G28	0.59a	G44	0.41b	G60	0.36b
	2	21.55a		25.56a		24.87a		26.56a		0.43ab		0.53b		0.44b		0.44a
	3	20.74a		25.18a		22.36b		24.62a		0.53a		0.56ab		0.5a		0.44a
LSD(0.05)		1.73		2.16		1.69		2.95		0.08		0.05			0.04	0.05
G13	1	16.44b	G29	18.24c	G45	25.46a	G61	24.83a	G13	0.56b	G29	0.51a	G45	0.67a	G61	0.37a
	2	18.78a		25.64a		27.63a		26.74a		0.56b		0.4b		0.66a		0.37a
	3	17.52ab		22.86b		25.96a		25.16a		0.6a		0.43b		0.71a		0.36a
LSD(0.05)		1.69		1.80		2.27		2.95		0.03		0.04		0.07		0.07
G14	1	23.65b	G30	20.75b	G46	25.17a	G62	22.36ab	G14	0.58b	G30	0.48a	G46	0.68b	G62	0.39a
	2	25.85a		25.34a		26.73a		26.53a		0.58b		0.37b		0.65b		0.35a
	3	24.78a		24.27a		25.11a		24.72b		0.68a		0.48b		0.72a		0.36a
LSD(0.05)		1.45		1.94		2.16		2.58		0.05		0.02		0.02		0.10
G15	1	22.26b	G31	22.67c	G47	26.38a	G63	22.87a	G15	0.059ab	G31	0.48a	G47	0.65a	G63	0.41a
	2	25.63a		26.61a		26.77a		23.56a		0.056b		0.34b		0.66a		0.42a
	3	23.45b		24.78b		5.85a		22.45a		0.062a		0.35b		0.7a		0.43a
LSD(0.05)		2.27		1.31		2.49		1.65		0.04		0.04		0.06		0.05
G16	1	23.56a	G32	20.75c	G48	25.73a	G64	22.53ab	G16	0.58b	G32	0.41a	G48	0.63a	G64	0.41a
	2	24.78a		22.45a		26.63a		25.26a		0.57b		0.33b		0.65a		0.44a
	3	24.22a		25.36b		24.93a		22.67b		0.68a		0.35ab		0.66a		0.44a
LSD(0.05)		3.28		2.48		2.93		2.58		0.04		0.07		0.03		0.04

In a column, means having similar letter (s) are statistically identical and those having dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability, T₁ = 5 t ha⁻¹ CM, T₂ = 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + 50% CFRR, T₃ = 100% CFRR, SY= straw yield per plant, and HI = harvest index.

3.3. Yield and Yield Contributing Traits

3.3.1. Number of Panicles per Plant and Panicle Length

In order to increase the grain yield, the most important aspect on the growth of rice is the panicle number per plant. There was a highly significant difference (p ≤ 0.01) among the rice genotype, treatment, genotype by treatment, and genotype by season (combination of genotype and season) on number of panicles plant⁻¹ and panicle length as presented in Table 4. Results indicated that the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) produced significantly higher numbers of panicles plant⁻¹ recorded in HUA565 (G24) (12.18) followed by MR297 (G45), Putra 1 (G46), Putra 2 (G47), and BRRI dhan39 (G55) (11.37, 11.26, 11.16, and 110.61, respectively) and longest panicle length recorded in MR297 (G45) (27.49 cm) followed by Putra 1 (G46), BRRI dhan28 (G54), BRRI dhan48 (G51), and Putra 2 (G47) (26.98, 26.89, 26.86 and 26.55 cm, respectively), which were significantly higher than other treatments except T₃ (100% CFRR), which had a similar number of panicle plant⁻¹ and panicle length. The application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) recorded a lower number of panicles plant⁻¹ in WANGI PUTEH (G34), Nayan moni (G22), Panbira (G2), Kataktara (G13), and RANGAN WANG (G32) (4.93, 5.28, 5.27, 5.72, and 5.75, respectively) and the shortest panicle length recorded in Kaisa panja (G6), Vandana (G7), Kataktara (G13), Kalabokra (G23), and Saitta (G20) (16.46, 17.16, 17.19, 17.20, and 17.43 cm, respectively) were presented in Table 7.

Table 7. Number of panicles per hill and panicle length of 64 rice genotypes as influenced by treatment and genotype (pooled over two seasons).

Genotype (G)	Treatment (T)	NP								PL (cm)
G1	1	8.33a	G17	8.27b	G33	6.46b	G49	9.37a	G1	22.24b	G17	22.66a	G33	19.53a	G49	25.47b
	2	8.59a		10.42a		8.21a		10.52a		23.16a		23.12a		20.26a		25.96a
	3	7.28a		9.38ab		6.83ab		10.29a		22.39b		22.47a		26.13a		25.56b
LSD(0.05)		1.99		1.51		1.49		1.65		0.02		0.61		6.83		0.23
G2	1	5.28a	G18	8.52a	G34	4.93b	G50	9.57a	G2	17.46b	G18	22.29a	G34	20.23b	G50	25.43a
	2	5.63a		9.73a		7.37a		9.71a		18.31a		22.48a		20.43a		25.56a
	3	5.49a		9.45a		7.15a		9.28a		17.16b		21.91b		20.26b		25.27a
LSD(0.05)		1.16		1.99		1.17		2.85		0.30		0.27		0.16		0.24
G3	1	9.08a	G19	8.15a	G35	6.48a	G51	9.28a	G3	21.4b	G19	21.46b	G35	18.36b	G51	26.36a
	2	8.27a		9.24a		6.64a		10.09a		22.33a		22.27a		19.03a		26.79a
	3	7.82a		8.68a		6.71a		9.78a		22.06a		22.37a		18.86a		26.45a
LSD(0.05)		1.89		2.21		1.18		1.66		0.35		0.29		0.30		0.27
G4	1	7.56a	G20	6.46a	G36	7.38ab	G52	8.75a	G4	22.36b	G20	17.43b	G36	20.2a	G52	26.52a
	2	8.37a		7.38a		8.44a		10.24a		23.27a		18.33a		20.35a		26.4ab
	3	8.72a		7.19a		7.68b		9.68a		22.4b		17.29a		20.27a		26.23b
LSD(0.05)		1.65		1.63		1.17			1.91	0.39		0.31		0.35		0.18
G5	1	7.62ab	G21	8.92a	G37	8.26a	G53	8.64ab	G5	18.06b	G21	21.36c	G37	19.4a	G53	25.73b
	2	8.37a		9.66a		8.53a		9.72a		19.37a		22.23a		19.94a		26.08ab
	3	6.86b		9.45a		7.88a		7.89b		19.14a		22.01b		19.67a		26.26a
LSD(0.05)		1.50		1.51		1.19		2.01		0.41		0.14		0.63		0.36
G6	1	6.79b	G22	5.28b	G38	5.78b	G54	8.85a	G6	16.46c	G22	18.1a	G38	20.93a	G54	26.39a
	2	8.57a		6.74a		8.18a		9.29a		17.38a		18.36a		21.12a		26.86a
	3	7.83ab		7.46a		7.63a		8.46a		17.18b		18.3a		20.98a		26.47a
LSD(0.05)		1.19		1.17		1.18		1.51		0.22		0.38		0.42		0.31
G7	1	7.16a	G23	6.78a	G39	6.78a	G55	9.27a	G7	17.16b	G23	17.2b	G39	19.2a	G55	25.43a
	2	7.34a		7.59a		7.65a		10.61a		17.78a		18.26a		19.87a		25.88a
	3	7.22a		8.12a		6.66a		9.78a		16.89c		17.96a		19.62a		25.27a
LSD(0.05)		1.51		1.49		1.63		1.19		0.21		0.35		0.37		0.28
G8	1	8.28a	G24	10.47a	G40	7.56ab	G56	6.93b	G8	21.38c	G24	23.2a	G40	18.36a	G56	22.28b
	2	9.13a		12.18a		8.73a		9.57a		22.54a		26.13a		19.65a		23.56a
	3	8.66a		11.37a		7.53b		9.17a		22.28b		26.06a		19.36a		23.33a
LSD(0.05)		1.19		2.13		1.16		1.92		0.28		0.82		0.38		0.28
G9	1	7.26a	G25	9.26a	G41	7.12a	G57	7.29b	G9	22.38c	G25	23.26a	G41	20.35b	G57	21.54c
	2	8.41a		10.52a		7.34a		8.74a		23.28a		23.3a		21.04a		22.69a
	3	7.79a		8.69a		6.85a		7.68ab		22.76b		22.96b		20.76b		22.25b
LSD(0.05)		1.92		2.32		1.49		1.19		0.24		0.27		0.27		0.29
G10	1	7.19b	G26	7.27b	G42	7.83a	G58	8.56a	G10	23.46ab	G26	22.36b	G42	19.29b	G58	20.47c
	2	9.35a		9.43a		7.19a		10.28a		23.75a		22.96a		19.86a		21.28a
	3	8.29ab		8.48ab		6.96a		9.75a		23.49b		22.63b		19.49a		20.88b
LSD(0.05)		1.15		1.64		1.81		1.91		0.19		0.28		0.22		0.27
G11	1	7.57a	G27	6.69a	G43	8.23b	G59	6.79ab	G11	22.42c	G27	19.06ab	G43	18.75ab	G59	25.38b
	2	8.62a		7.33a		10.17a		7.45a		23.36a		19.43a		19.67a		25.89a
	3	8.31a		7.24a		8.64ab		5.83b		22.89b		18.96b		19.35b		25.68b
LSD(0.05)		1.99		1.16		1.79		1.65		0.29		0.41		0.62		0.28
G12	1	7.02a	G28	9.57a	G44	8.75a	G60	8.62ab	G12	18.24c	G28	22.23a	G44	19.18a	G60	22.28ab
	2	6.64a		9.31a		9.29a		9.56a		19.35a		22.5a		19.48a		22.76a
	3	6.59a		8.64a		9.45a		8.48b		19.08b		22.36a		19.37a		21.75b
LSD(0.05)		1.48		1.99		1.66		1.66		0.32		0.27		0.21		0.39
G13	1	5.72b	G29	10.73a	G45	10.28a	G61	8.27ab	G13	17.19b	G29	21.1ab	G45	26.96c	G61	23.06a
	2	7.46a		9.46b		11.37a		9.49a		18.27a		21.4a		27.49a		23.48a
	3	5.68b		7.73c		10.28a		7.61b		17.3b		20.96b		27.25b		22.97a
LSD(0.05)		1.18		1.17		1.18		1.67		0.35		0.40		0.24		0.39
G14	1	8.11a	G30	10.23a	G46	10.68a	G62	6.72b	G14	22.33a	G30	20.13b	G46	26.35a	G62	21.28a
	2	8.57a		8.72ab		11.26a		7.48a		22.46a		21.1a		26.89a		21.67a
	3	8.52a		7.92b		9.87a		7.83ab		21.63b		20.36b		26.67a		21.13a
LSD(0.05)		2.2		1.79		2.23		1.19		0.60		0.39		0.49		0.41
G15	1	7.25b	G31	5.88b	G47	10.28a	G63	6.67b	G15	23.38a	G31	19.26b	G47	25.48b	G63	22.38a
	2	9.43a		6.63a		11.16a		9.18a		23.29a		20.3ab		26.55a		22.56a
	3	8.67ab		7.47a		10.46a		7.74ab		19.76a		26.2a		26.32a		22.29a
LSD(0.05)		1.97		1.18		1.79		1.91		0.56		0.91		0.25		0.28
G16	1	7.83a	G32	5.75b	G48	9.47a	G64	7.33a	G16	21.52b	G32	20.33b	G48	26.46a	G64	23.07b
	2	9.35a		6.49ab		8.72a		8.18a		22.37a		21.03a		26.49a		23.47a
	3	8.74a		6.82a		9.38a		8.43a		21.95a		20.4b		26.28a		23.11b
LSD(0.05)		2.31		1.18		1.51		1.9		0.288		0.33		0.33		0.35

In each column, means with similar letter (s) are statistically identical, and those with dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability, T₁ = 5 t ha⁻¹ CM, T₂ = 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + 50% CFRR, T₃ = 100% CFRR, NP = number of panicles per hill, and PL = panicle length.

3.3.2. Number of Filled Grains and Number of Unfilled Grains per Panicle

The number of filled and unfilled grains had a significant difference (p ≤ 0.01) among the rice genotype, treatment, genotype by treatment, and genotype by season (combination of genotype and season) as presented in Table 4. Results indicated that the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) was significantly higher on number of filled grains panicle⁻¹ recorded in BRRI dhan48 (G51) (176.41) followed by HUA565 (G24), MR297 (G45), BR24 (G50), and Putra 2 (G47) (171.42, 171.26, 170.53, and 168.27, respectively), and a similar number of filled grains panicle⁻¹ were produced in T₃ (100% CFRR). The application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) recorded the lowest number of filled grains panicle⁻¹ in TADOM (G41), Vandana (G7), GHAU (G36), MGAWA (G38), and Kataktara (G13) (85.39, 85.46, 88.45, 89.46, and 89.56, respectively). The application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ chicken manure) was significantly higher on number of unfilled grains panicle⁻¹ recorded in BINASAIL (G63) (67.21) followed by BINA dhan5 (G65), GHAU (G36), RENGAN WANG (G32), and BINA dhan7 (G64) (65.32, 63.33, 63.27, and 62.70, respectively). The application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) recorded the lowest number of unfilled grains panicle⁻¹ in BRRI dhan48 (G51), Putra 1 (G46), Kachalath (G26), Kalabokra (G23), and Putra 2 (G47) (19.26, 20.71, 21.75, 21.87, and 24.22, respectively), and a similar number of unfilled grains panicle⁻¹ also recorded in T₃ (100% CFRR) were presented in Table 8.

Table 8. Number of filled grains and unfilled grains per plant of 64 rice genotypes as influenced by treatment and genotype (pooled over two seasons).

Genotype (G)	Treatment (T)	NFG								NUFG
G1	1	121.28c	G17	133.41a	G33	99.72b	G49	161.27a	G1	32.27a	G17	37.66a	G33	62.67a	G49	33.57a
	2	136.56a		140.27a		108.37a		166.35a		29.62a		30.83b		52.19b		28.96b
	3	131.48b		133.64a		105.83ab		165.19a		34.56a		35.68a		54.73b		31.62ab
LSD(0.05)		4.15		7.35		6.69		6.88		7.59		5.45		5.39		4.89
G2	1	103.26b	G18	124.57b	G34	106.28b	G50	164.19b	G2	40.65a	G18	46.58a	G34	55.17a	G50	30.51a
	2	114.18a		139.36a		113.22a		170.53a		35.58a		40.84b		45.2b		26.38a
	3	111.09a		134.62a		110.15ab		168.48ab		38.77a		44.36ab		48.34b		30.08a
LSD(0.05)		6.06		6.35		5.7		5.61		6.73		5.66		5.85		4.31
G3	1	128.31c	G19	141.28b	G35	105.28a	G51	172.28b	G3	45.23a	G19	36.73a	G35	56.28a	G51	21.88a
	2	141.05a		150.32a		112.31a		176.41a		40.64a		30.65b		48.47b		19.26a
	3	134.63b		145.56b		105.57a		170.52ab		43.53a		36.44a		55.06a		22.64a
LSD(0.05)		5.84		5.2		7.87		5.16		6.55		4.61		4.41		6.77
G4	1	135.18b	G20	106.34b	G36	88.45b	G52	165.27a	G4	37.23a	G20	46.28a	G36	63.33a	G52	36.32a
	2	147.34a		117.28a		102.63a		167.22a		28.79b		40.86b		55.72b		32.18a
	3	142.29a		111.74b		94.57ab		165.19a		33.64ab		45.57ab		61.14a		35.76a
LSD(0.05)		5.11		5.11		8.31		5.88		5.86		5.57		5.17		4.8
G5	1	107.25c	G21	145.36b	G37	109.28b	G53	160.18a	G5	39.65a	G21	27.53ab	G37	41.56a	G53	36.44a
	2	122.34a		161.52a		118.36a		167.26a		35.78a		24.26b		35.25a		32.38a
	3	115.3b		157.38a		113.69ab		161.42a		40.59a		30.63a		40.05a		37.84a
LSD(0.05)		5.49		5.42		5.11		7.23		5.78		4.85		6.86		5.69
G6	1	94.57b	G22	108.17b	G38	89.46b	G54	116.45b	G6	46.33a	G22	39.76a	G38	53.28a	G54	60.32a
	2	116.28a		119.42a		103.28a		137.35a		42.5a		34.18a		45.44b		50.71b
	3	111.19a		111.27a		98.57a		131.25a		44.18a		37.67a		50.23ab		56.27ab
LSD(0.05)		7.38		5.07		6.06		7.38		5.46		5.67		6.55		5.68
G7	1	85.46b	G23	96.28b	G39	110.27b	G55	152.19b	G7	35.73a	G23	25.36ab	G39	38.22a	G55	33.26a
	2	98.38a		113.45a		122.16a		165.26a		27.62b		21.87b		30.18b		30.64a
	3	95.27a		109.63a		119.42a		163.09a		35.41a		29.44a		36.64ab		36.5a
LSD(0.05)		5.69		6.37		5.69		5.16		7.14		4.36		6.15		5.88
G8	1	128.38b	G24	159.38b	G40	105.56b	G56	115.28c	G8	40.5a	G24	34.08a	G40	47.32a	G56	49.55a
	2	140.41a		171.42a		113.32a		126.41a		35.27b		28.47a		40.52b		43.27b
	3	135.56ab		168.56a		118.24a		121.58b		40.18a		31.55a		45.71ab		46.09ab
LSD(0.05)		6.59		5.2		6.79		4.56		4.66		6.55		5.46		6.08
G9	1	123.34b	G25	152.26b	G41	85.39b	G57	110.29b	G9	34.25ab	G25	39.61a	G41	35.07a	G57	41.25a
	2	133.29a		161.54a		103.18a		122.34a		32.4b		33.56b		30.44a		42.76a
	3	132.42a		156.44ab		99.46a		113.56b		38.29a		35.73ab		33.76a		44.2a
LSD(0.05)		7.62		6.88		5.99		6.75		4.77		5.38		6.64		5.54
G10	1	137.57b	G26	141.18b	G42	94.28b	G58	111.23b	G10	26.33b	G26	26.37a	G42	50.3a	G58	37.22ab
	2	146.63a		150.28a		110.42a		122.31a		30.45ab		21.75a		42.62b		36.53b
	3	143.74ab		145.63ab		105.74a		115.4b		35.68a		25.47a		47.55ab		41.8a
LSD(0.05)		6.69		6.38		6.72		5.49		5.77		7.08		6.43		5.21
G11	1	133.28b	G27	107.11b	G43	113.67b	G59	154.29b	G11	48.54b	G27	45.32a	G43	41.25a	G59	41.17a
	2	146.16a		121.07a		122.28a		165.31a		37.67a		40.4a		35.69a		34.86a
	3	141.64a		118.37a		118.52ab		161.48a		52.48b		44.28a		41.52a		37.24a
LSD(0.05)		6.94		6.03		6.51		5.93		6.52		4.85		5.94		7.23
G12	1	93.74b	G28	138.26b	G44	103.19b	G60	117.28b	G12	42.07a	G28	31.35a	G44	52.73a	G60	40.56ab
	2	111.47a		150.32a		116.28a		128.31a		36.85a		28.73a		40.45b		37.32b
	3	104.28a		145.07a		112.43a		125.69a		41.37a		33.25a		45.11b		44.05a
LSD(0.05)		9.65		6.17		5.81		6.79		5.49		6.45		5.47		4.84
G13	1	89.56b	G29	108.67b	G45	162.18b	G61	115.57b	G13	52.35a	G29	51.47a	G45	33.28a	G61	51.23a
	2	102.49a		120.1a		171.26a		126.42a		48.72a		40.37c		30.61a		44.64a
	3	96.37ab		115.58a		167.52ab		121.37ab		53.21a		45.11b		35.67a		50.6a
LSD(0.05)		6.65		5.11		6.63		6.83		4.74		5.29		5.13		6.79
G14	1	132.17b	G30	115.67b	G46	156.35a	G62	94.69b	G14	36.55a	G30	55.37a	G46	24.44ab	G62	60.38a
	2	141.34a		126.45a		162.41a		111.26a		35.27a		45.28c		20.71b		53.2b
	3	135.27ab		122.73a		161.53a		107.56a		40.62a		50.71b		31.69a		56.31ab
LSD(0.05)		6.75		5.28		6.49		8.91		6.54		3.99		9.01		5.29
G15	1	138.26c	G31	111.18b	G47	162.46b	G63	105.28b	G15	32.42a	G31	55.24a	G47	25.35ab	G63	67.21a
	2	152.19a		120.34a		168.27a		113.28a		30.58a		51.62a		24.22b		61.08b
	3	143.53b		115.41ab		167.71a		110.73ab		34.66a		55.23a		29.84a		63.44ab
LSD(0.05)		5.15		4.93		5.19		7.71		7.53		5.04		4.57		5.81
G16	1	145.55b	G32	102.72b	G48	160.58a	G64	115.26b	G16	44.38a	G32	63.27a	G48	34.16a	G64	62.7a
	2	157.48a		111.33a		164.27a		123.62a		39.64b		51.77b		31.62a		55.27b
	3	152.37a		107.28ab		160.11a		118.58ab		42.49ab		56.83b		35.43a		61.32a
LSD(0.05)		5.41		5.99		5.86		6.59		4.57		5.93		5.36		4.98

In each column, means with similar letter (s) are statistically identical, and those with dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability, T₁ = 5 t ha⁻¹ CM, T₂ = 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + 50% CFRR, T₃ = 100% CFRR, NFG = number of filled grains per plant, and NUFG = number of unfilled grains per plant.

3.3.3. 1000 Grain Weight and Yield per Plant

When it comes to rice production, stable and high-yielding genotypes are necessary, and 1000-grain weight of grains is a measurement of grain size. Grain size multiplied by grain number results in a measurement of total yield of grain. Here, 1000-grain weight is expressed as an effective function of grain yield. There was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.01) among the rice genotype, treatment, genotype by treatment, and genotype by season (combination of genotype and season) as presented in Table 4. Results indicated that the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) recorded 1000-grain weight in BRRI dhan48 (G51) (25.85 g) followed by BR24 (G50), Putra 2 (G47), BRRI dhan55 (G60), and BRRI dhan69 (G61) (25.77, 25.73, 25.62, and 25.57 g, respectively), which were significantly higher than the other treatments except T₃ (100% CFRR), which had a similar 1000-grain weight. Further, the application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) produced the lowest 1000-grain weight observed in KUNYIT (G35), Kataktara (G13), Parija (G12), Nayan moni (G22), and Panbira (G2) (10.05, 14.26, 14.67, 15.58, and 15.70 g). The application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) produced a yield plant⁻¹ recorded in MR297 (G45) (17.34 g), followed by BR24 (G50), Putra 2 (G47), Putra 1 (G46), and BRRI dhan72 (G53) (17.32, 16.85, 16.81, and 16.78 g plant⁻¹, respectively), which were significantly higher than the other treatments except T₃ (100% CFRR), which had a similar yield plant⁻¹. The application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) produced lower yield plant⁻¹ observed in RANGAN WANG (G32), SUNGKAI (G39), Vandana (G7), Kalabokra (G23), and BANGKUL (G42) (6.15, 6.29, 6.34, 6.71, and 6.88 g plant⁻¹, respectively) were presented in Table 9.

Table 9. 1000-grain weight and yield per plant of 64 rice genotypes as influenced by treatment and genotype (pooled over two seasons).

Genotype (G)	Treatment (T)	1000-GW (g)								YP (g)
G1	1	18.26b	G17	20.18b	G33	18.53b	G49	24.33a	G1	11.43b	G17	12.33a	G33	7.47b	G49	15.51a
	2	20.43a		21.84a		20.77a		25.51a		12.27a		13.25a		9.91a		16.46a
	3	18.79b		20.48b		19.82a		25.07a		12.04ab		12.78a		8.61b		16.08a
LSD(0.05)		0.58		0.50		0.93		0.87		0.99		0.88		1.06		0.95
G2	1	15.7a	G18	19.55a	G34	17.88c	G50	24.76b	G2	7.83a	G18	12.89a	G34	7.34b	G50	16.19b
	2	16.25a		20.15a		19.25a		25.77a		8.89a		13.11a		8.33a		17.32a
	3	15.89a		19.74a		18.76b		25.42ab		8.68a		13.82a		7.45b		17.05ab
LSD(0.05)		0.41		0.36		0.67		0.81		1.29		1.64		0.52		1.09
G3	1	19.77b	G19	20.56a	G35	10.05b	G51	24.64b	G3	11.37b	G19	12.36a	G35	7.49c	G51	15.24a
	2	21.43a		21.11a		20.68a		25.85a		12.51a		13.16a		9.58a		16.29a
	3	20.65b		20.73a		20.87a		24.79ab		12.11ab		12.77a		8.54b		15.89a
LSD(0.05)		0.52		0.28		0.69		0.99		0.84		0.48		1.02		1.38
G4	1	19.78a	G20	15.82b	G36	19.17c	G52	24.88b	G4	11.24a	G20	7.82b	G36	7.21b	G52	15.12a
	2	20.85a		17.22a		21.43a		25.51a		11.85a		9.16a		9.03a		16.4a
	3	20.16a		16.65ab		20.45b		25.2ab		11.47a		9.07a		7.89b		15.58a
LSD(0.05)		0.65		0.67		0.48		0.69		1.11		0.59		0.99		1.74
G5	1	17.67b	G21	21.62b	G37	18.52b	G53	24.9b	G5	7.02a	G21	12.59a	G37	8.44b	G53	15.77a
	2	18.25a		22.56a		19.34a		25.48a		7.99a		12.86a		9.65a		16.78a
	3	18.05a		22.2ab		19.06ab		25.26ab		7.68a		12.64a		9.5a		16.35a
LSD(0.05)		0.64		0.76		0.57		0.56		1.23		1.71		0.79		2.25
G6	1	16.72b	G22	15.58c	G38	19.65a	G54	23.67b	G6	7.39a	G22	7.79b	G38	7.39b	G54	9.16a
	2	17.85a		17.22a		20.45a		25.45a		7.56a		9.32a		8.17a		10.33a
	3	17.33a		16.46b		20.27a		24.97a		7.41a		9.06a		7.76ab		9.84a
LSD(0.05)		0.61		0.64		0.62		0.73		0.75		0.63		0.71		1.09
G7	1	16.35b	G23	19.26b	G39	17.88c	G55	24.55b	G7	6.34b	G23	6.71a	G39	6.29b	G55	14.71a
	2	17.51a		20.83a		19.74a		25.45a		7.75a		8.55a		7.36a		15.43a
	3	16.89b		20.35ab		18.92b		25.25a		6.89ab		7.68a		6.99a		14.89a
LSD(0.05)		0.48		0.73		0.564		0.56		0.96		1.52		0.63		0.94
G8	1	17.78c	G24	24.35c	G40	18.37b	G56	23.52b	G8	10.89b	G24	13.64b	G40	8.12b	G56	8.67a
	2	19.56a		22.07a		19.56a		24.67a		12.78a		16.37a		9.05a		9.43a
	3	18.58b		21.67b		18.84ab		24.11a		12.52a		16.22a		8.92a		9.07a
LSD(0.05)		0.54		0.59		0.62		0.81		1.46		1.48		0.59		1.32
G9	1	19.26ab	G25	20.62c	G41	17.66a	G57	24.08b	G9	12.3a	G25	13.23a	G41	7.21b	G57	8.09b
	2	20.72b		24.18a		18.16a		25.33a		12.88a		13.89a		7.94a		9.27a
	3	19.88a		21.66b		17.9a		24.95a		12.28a		13.54a		7.48ab		8.73ab
LSD(0.05)		0.86		0.75		0.57		0.67		1.22		0.78		0.56		0.89
G10	1	19.43c	G26	20.56c	G42	18.99a	G58	23.85b	G10	12.25a	G26	12.03a	G42	6.88a	G58	8.97a
	2	21.66a		22.43a		19.64a		24.55a		12.28a		14.26a		7.61a		9.64a
	3	19.76b		21.28b		19.13a		24.24ab		11.95a		13.68a		7.9a		9.02a
LSD(0.05)		0.77		0.79		0.73		0.82		1.45		1.26		1.19		1.21
G11	1	18.24c	G27	18.37b	G43	22.96b	G59	24.62b	G11	12.25a	G27	7.22b	G43	7.76a	G59	14.73a
	2	20.63a		20.51a		24.37a		25.37a		12.8a		8.61ab		8.37a		15.56a
	3	19.52b		19.67a		23.45ab		25.12a		12.56a		7.93a		8.03a		14.88a
LSD(0.05)		0.74		0.69		0.61		0.48		1.16		1.18		0.82		1.82
G12	1	14.67c	G28	20.55b	G44	22.51b	G60	24.55b	G12	7.67a	G28	12.34a	G44	8.17b	G60	8.11b
	2	16.43a		24.62a		24.36a		25.62a		7.98a		12.89a		9.76a		10.18a
	3	15.88b		21.58b		23.78b		25.23a		7.73a		12.57a		9.58a		9.27a
LSD(0.05)		0.75		0.91		0.53		0.35		1.38		1.11		0.96		1.05
G13	1	14.26c	G29	20.32b	G45	24.23b	G61	23.86c	G13	8.34b	G29	8.39b	G45	15.62a	G61	8.33a
	2	16.68a		22.44a		25.3a		25.57a		9.16a		9.15a		17.34a		9.45a
	3	15.32b		20.74b		24.87b		24.88b		9.4a		8.44b		17.11a		8.96a
LSD(0.05)		0.64		0.67		0.57		0.38		0.79		0.62		2.64		1.34
G14	1	19.88a	G30	19.62b	G46	24.17b	G62	22.76b	G14	12.48a	G30	7.97b	G46	15.36a	G62	7.81a
	2	19.72a		23.53a		25.43a		23.94a		12.85a		8.83a		16.81a		8.44a
	3	19.98a		20.66b		25.08a		24.26a		12.81a		8.31ab		16.16a		7.82a
LSD(0.05)		0.82		0.86		0.64		0.99		1.27		0.64		1.92		1.71
G15	1	18.64b	G31	20.86b	G47	24.54b	G63	23.17b	G15	11.92a	G31	7.35b	G47	15.46a	G63	8.53a
	2	19.56a		22.23a		25.73a		24.36a		12.93a		8.06a		16.85a		9.14a
	3	19.08ab		21.38b		25.18a		23.95a		12.17a		7.83ab		16.52a		9.02a
LSD(0.05)		0.93		0.71		0.74		0.83		1.22		0.54		2.22		1.45
G16	1	19.55b	G32	20.18b	G48	24.18b	G64	23.65b	G16	12.23a	G32	6.15b	G48	14.8a	G64	8.48b
	2	20.45a		21.36a		25.32a		24.57a		12.58a		7.76a		15.52a		10.46a
	3	20.13ab		20.57b		24.67ab		24.21ab		12.37a		7.11ab		15.26a		10.23a
LSD(0.05)		0.63		0.62		1.01		0.73		1.72		1.04		0.77		0.77

In each column, means with similar letter (s) are statistically identical, and those with dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability, T₁ = 5 t ha⁻¹ CM, T₂ = 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + 50% CFRR, T₃ = 100% CFRR, SP = number of spikelet per panicle, and PFG = percent filled grains.

3.4. Nutrient Content

3.4.1. Nutrient Content (% N) of Grain and Straw

There was a significant effect on N contents in rice grain and straw among the genotype and treatment. Results indicated that the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) recorded on N content in grain on genotype Pukhi (G1) (1.40%) followed by Utri (G4) (1.39%), Panbira (G2) (1.36%), Kaisa panja (G6) (1.34%), Dumai (G11) (1.32%), Nayan moni (G22) (1.31%), and Vandana (G7) (1.29%), respectively, were significantly higher than the other treatments. In addition, the application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) recorded lower N content on genotype BRRI dhan28 (G54) (0.89%), BRRI dhan55 (G60) (0.91%), BRRI dhan42 (G56) (0.92%), B370 (G62) (0.93%), and NMR 151 (G43) (0.94%), respectively, were presented in Table 10. On the other hand, the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) recorded on N content in straw on genotype Utri (G4) (1.20%) followed by Panbira (G2) (1.19%), Pukhi (G1) (1.18%), Kaisa panja (G6) (1.17%), Dumai (G11) (1.15%), Luanga (G5) (1.14%), and Nayan moni (G22) (1.13%), respectively, were significantly higher than the other treatments, while the application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) recorded lower N content on genotype GHUA (G36) (0.81%), BRRI dhan28 (G54) (0.82%), BRRI dhan55 (G60) (0.83%), and B370 (G62) (0.84%), respectively, in Table 10.

Table 10. Grain and straw nutrient content (% N) of 64 rice genotypes as influenced by treatment and genotype (pooled over two seasons).

Genotype (G)	Treatment (T)	Grain								Straw
		% N								% N
G1	1	1.12c	G17	1.05c	G33	0.97c	G49	0.96c	G1	1.03b	G17	0.88c	G33	0.85b	G49	0.85c
	2	1.40a		1.27a		1.20a		1.22a		1.18a		1.01a		1.02a		0.96a
	3	1.26b		1.16b		1.09b		1.11b		1.06b		0.93b		0.88b		0.90b
LSD(0.05)		0.034		0.028		0.022		0.02		0.035		0.031		0.034		0.031
G2	1	1.10c	G18	1.04c	G34	1.04c	G50	0.92c	G2	1.02b	G18	0.85c	G34	0.85c	G50	0.83b
	2	1.36a		1.23a		1.23a		1.15a		1.19a		1.06a		1.01a		0.92a
	3	1.23b		1.14b		1.12b		1.07b		1.05b		0.92b		0.90b		0.85b
LSD(0.05)		0.038		0.031		0.034		0.025		0.033		0.032		0.028		0.028
G3	1	1.04c	G19	1.06c	G35	0.99a	G51	0.95c	G3	0.95b	G19	0.85c	G35	0.83c	G51	0.86c
	2	1.25a		1.28a		1.21a		1.16a		1.11a		1.09a		0.99a		0.94a
	3	1.13b		1.16b		1.10b		1.07b		0.97b		0.94b		0.88b		0.91b
LSD(0.05)		0.03		0.027		0.032		0.034		0.029		0.025		0.025		0.028
G4	1	1.11c	G20	1.06c	G36	1.03c	G52	0.93c	G4	0.99c	G20	0.83c	G36	0.81c	G52	0.84c
	2	1.39a		1.26a		1.29a		1.19a		1.20a		1.06a		0.98a		0.97a
	3	1.21b		1.14b		1.18b		1.07b		1.03b		0.91b		0.86b		0.93b
LSD(0.05)		0.032		0.025		0.037		0.025		0.031		0.028		0.028		0.026
G5	1	1.09c	G21	1.07c	G37	1.03c	G53	0.97c	G5	0.95b	G21	0.84c	G37	0.89b	G53	0.86c
	2	1.28a		1.24a		1.25a		1.22a		1.14a		1.06a		1.03a		0.99a
	3	1.19b		1.15b		1.14b		1.10b		0.98b		0.97b		0.91b		0.90b
LSD(0.05)		0.027		0.034		0.034		0.023		0.029		0.03		0.034		0.02
G6	1	1.10c	G22	1.09c	G38	1.06c	G54	0.89c	G6	0.97b	G22	0.95b	G38	0.88b	G54	0.82b
	2	1.34a		1.31a		1.22a		1.15a		1.17a		1.13a		1.01a		0.93a
	3	1.22b		1.20b		1.13b		1.06b		0.99b		0.98b		0.90b		0.85b
LSD(0.05)		0.038		0.027		0.025		0.027		0.031		0.041		0.028		0.031
G7	1	1.10c	G23	1.10c	G39	1.00c	G55	1.02c	G7	0.95b	G23	0.92b	G39	0.83c	G55	0.94c
	2	1.29a		1.29a		1.28a		1.26a		1.10a		1.11a		1.03a		1.03a
	3	1.18b		1.18b		1.11b		1.15b		0.97b		0.94b		0.89b		0.96b
LSD(0.05)		0.031		0.026		0.028		0.026		0.026		0.028		0.022		0.023
G8	1	1.07c	G24	1.04c	G40	1.08c	G56	0.92c	G8	0.92c	G24	0.92b	G40	0.90b	G56	0.85c
	2	1.26a		1.23a		1.32a		1.16a		1.09a		1.08a		1.08a		0.92a
	3	1.15b		1.12b		1.19b		1.05b		0.97b		0.96b		0.92b		0.89b
LSD(0.05)		0.029		0.03		0.034		0.03		0.025		0.02		0.03		0.028
G9	1	1.07c	G25	1.06c	G41	1.05c	G57	0.93c	G9	0.93c	G25	0.89c	G41	0.86c	G57	0.83c
	2	1.28a		1.25a		1.24a		1.17a		1.12a		1.02a		1.04b		0.95a
	3	1.19b		1.13b		1.12b		1.08b		1.01b		0.93b		0.94b		0.88b
LSD(0.05)		0.034		0.031		0.033		0.032		0.025		0.028		0.023		0.02
G10	1	1.13c	G26	1.04c	G42	0.99c	G58	0.96c	G10	1.01b	G26	0.85c	G42	0.82c	G58	0.83c
	2	1.39a		1.20a		1.20a		1.19a		1.18a		1.01a		0.98a		0.95a
	3	1.25b		1.11b		1.11b		1.08b		1.03b		0.90b		0.94b		0.91b
LSD(0.05)		0.027		0.025		0.034		0.024		0.03		0.016		0.02		0.027
G11	1	1.11c	G27	1.02c	G43	0.94c	G59	1.00c	G11	0.95c	G27	0.83c	G43	0.85b	G59	0.91c
	2	1.32a		1.24a		1.18a		1.24a		1.15a		1.03a		0.97a		1.02a
	3	1.21b		1.10b		1.07b		1.13b		0.99b		0.91b		0.86b		0.96b
LSD(0.05)		0.029		0.028		0.028		0.034		0.027		0.025		0.023		0.022
G12	1	1.06c	G28	1.03c	G44	0.96c	G60	0.91c	G12	0.92b	G28	0.91b	G44	0.84c	G60	0.83c
	2	1.25a		1.27a		1.17a		1.17b		01.10a		1.06a		0.96a		0.95a
	3	1.13b		1.13b		1.06b		1.06b		0.95b		0.92b		0.87b		0.90b
LSD(0.05)		0.03		0.034		0.025		0.031		0.025		0.027		0.024		0.025
G13	1	1.10c	G29	1.05c	G45	0.96c	G61	0.93c	G13	0.94b	G29	0.89c	G45	0.86b	G61	0.85c
	2	1.36a		1.29a		1.21a		1.17a		1.14a		1.09a		0.98a		0.97a
	3	1.21b		1.16b		1.09b		1.10b		0.97b		0.94b		0.89b		0.90b
LSD(0.05)		0.031		0.03		0.025		0.031		0.035		0.022		0.023		0.025
G14	1	1.07c	G30	1.03c	G46	0.94c	G62	0.93c	G14	0.90c	G30	0.88c	G46	0.85c	G62	0.84c
	2	1.28a		1.26a		1.20a		1.14a		1.09a		1.11a		0.97a		0.98a
	3	1.15b		1.17b		1.08b		1.05b		0.96b		0.92b		0.89b		0.91b
LSD(0.05)		0.023		0.024		0.029		0.021		0.025		0.02		0.028		0.018
G15	1	1.05c	G31	1.04c	G47	0.97c	G63	0.96c	G15	0.88c	G31	0.86c	G47	0.87c	G63	0.86c
	2	1.25a		1.23a		1.19a		1.16a		1.07a		1.04a		0.93a		0.95a
	3	1.13b		1.12b		1.08b		1.09b		0.93b		0.91b		0.91b		0.89b
LSD(0.05)		0.034		0.03		0.031		0.031		0.028		0.027		0.023		0.028
G16	1	1.09c	G32	1.01c	G48	0.99c	G64	1.04c	G16	0.92b	G32	0.85c	G48	0.89b	G64	0.92c
	2	1.32a		1.21a		1.23a		1.22a		1.12a		1.01a		1.02a		1.02a
	3	1.20b		1.09b		1.10b		1.13b		0.95b		0.89b		0.92b		0.95b
LSD(0.05)		0.023		0.025		0.034		0.037		0.022		0.02		0.035		0.027

In each column, means with similar letter (s) are statistically identical, and those with dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability, T1 = 5 t ha⁻¹ CM, T2 = 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + 50% CFRR, T3 = 100% CFRR, and % N = percentage of nitrogen content.

3.4.2. Nutrient Content (% P) of Grain and Straw

There was a significant effect on P contents in rice grain and straw among the genotype and treatment. Results indicated that the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) recorded on P content in grain on genotype BRRI dhan72 (G53) (0.40%) followed by Vandana (G7) (0.38%), Pukhi (G1) (0.37%), Dharial (G3) (0.36%), Kaisa panja (G6) (0.35%), Utri (G4) (0.34%), and Dular (G8) (0.33%), respectively, were significantly higher than the other treatments. In addition, the application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) recorded lower P content on genotype BINASAIL (G63) (0.19%), MGAWA (G38) (0.20%), BANGKUL (G42) (0.21%), B370 (G62) (0.22%), BRRI dhan28 (G54) (0.23 %), respectively, were presented in Table 11. On the other hand, the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) recorded on P content in straw on genotype Dharial (G3) (0.25%) followed by BRRI dhan72 (G53) (0.24%), Pukhi (G1) (0.23%), Kaisa panja (G6) (0.22%), Dharial (G3) (0.21%), Luanga (G5) (0.20%), and Kaisa panja (G6) (0.19%), respectively, were significantly higher than the other treatments, while the application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) recorded lower P content on genotype Sonhamoni (G9) (0.10%), BRRI dhan28 (G54) (0.11%), BRRI dhan42 (G56) (0.11%), and B370 (G62) (0.12%), respectively, in Table 11.

Table 11. Grain and straw nutrient content (% P) of 64 rice genotypes as influenced by treatment and genotype (pooled over two seasons).

Genotype (G)	Treatment (T)	Grain								Straw
		% P								% P
G1	1	0.25c	G17	0.23c	G33	0.21c	G49	0.26b	G1	0.12b	G17	0.10c	G33	0.13c	G49	0.17b
	2	0.37a		0.31a		0.33a		0.33a		0.23a		0.20a		0.22a		0.21a
	3	0.31b		0.27b		0.27b		0.31a		0.20a		0.16b		0.16b		0.19ab
LSD(0.05)		0.03		0.03		0.025		0.024		0.03		0.028		0.023		0.027
G2	1	0.22c	G18	0.22b	G34	0.22c	G50	0.26b	G2	0.11b	G18	0.13c	G34	0.13b	G50	0.16b
	2	0.31a		0.27a		0.28a		0.33a		0.19a		0.21a		0.19a		0.23a
	3	0.27b		0.25a		0.25b		0.3a		0.17a		0.17b		0.15b		0.20a
LSD(0.05)		0.028		0.023		0.025		0.026		0.028		0.025		0.028		0.027
G3	1	0.26c	G19	0.21c	G35	0.21b	G51	0.27c	G3	0.15c	G19	0.11b	G35	0.12c	G51	0.17b
	2	0.36a		0.30a		0.27a		0.36a		0.25a		0.19a		0.18a		0.24a
	3	0.30b		0.26b		0.23b		0.31b		0.21b		0.17a		0.15b		0.19b
LSD(0.05)		0.027		0.024		0.024		0.03		0.034		0.027		0.025		0.029
G4	1	0.23c	G20	0.22c	G36	0.21b	G52	0.23c	G4	0.11c	G20	0.12b	G36	0.12b	G52	0.14c
	2	0.34a		0.34a		0.25a		0.33a		0.21a		0.22a		0.17a		0.22a
	3	0.28b		0.29b		0.24ab		0.27b		0.17b		0.20a		0.15a		0.17b
LSD(0.05)		0.028		0.026		0.023		0.028		0.028		0.025		0.023		0.024
G5	1	0.22c	G21	0.25c	G37	0.23b	G53	0.27c	G5	0.11c	G21	0.14c	G37	0.13b	G53	0.16b
	2	0.31a		0.35a		0.29a		0.40a		0.20a		0.23a		0.18a		0.24a
	3	0.28b		0.31b		0.26a		0.33b		0.16b		0.19b		0.15a		0.19b
LSD(0.05)		0.025		0.027		0.027		0.031		0.029		0.027		0.029		0.04
G6	1	0.26c	G22	0.24b	G38	0.20c	G54	0.23c	G6	0.14b	G22	0.13c	G38	0.11b	G54	0.15b
	2	0.35a		0.29a		0.25a		0.34a		0.22a		0.19a		0.17a		0.21a
	3	0.31b		0.27a		0.23b		0.27b		0.19a		0.16b		0.16a		0.17b
LSD(0.05)		0.031		0.025		0.02		0.028		0.034		0.022		0.016		0.020
G7	1	0.26c	G23	0.23b	G39	0.25c	G55	0.22c	G7	0.13c	G23	0.12b	G39	0.13b	G55	0.14b
	2	0.38a		0.27a		0.33a		0.30a		0.25a		0.18a		0.21a		0.19a
	3	0.32b		0.25a		0.29b		0.26b		0.21b		0.14b		0.19a		0.16b
LSD(0.05)		0.023		0.024		0.028		0.03		0.031		0.025		0.038		0.025
G8	1	0.24c	G24	0.22b	G40	0.24b	G56	0.22c	G8	0.11b	G24	0.11c	G40	0.13b	G56	0.11c
	2	0.33a		0.26a		0.29a		0.29a		0.21a		0.19a		0.18a		0.18a
	3	0.29b		0.24ab		0.26ab		0.25b		0.19a		0.14b		0.16a		0.14b
LSD(0.05)		0.025		0.027		0.027		0.023		0.03		0.017		0.024		0.023
G9	1	0.22c	G25	0.26c	G41	0.21c	G57	0.24c	G9	0.10b	G25	0.15b	G41	0.12b	G57	0.14b
	2	0.29a		0.32a		0.28a		0.32a		0.17a		0.19a		0.17a		0.20a
	3	0.26b		0.29b		0.24b		0.27b		0.15a		0.17ab		0.14b		0.16b
LSD(0.05)		0.025		0.027		0.023		0.025		0.022		0.031		0.022		0.029
G10	1	0.22c	G26	0.21c	G42	0.21b	G58	0.26c	G10	0.12c	G26	0.13c	G42	0.12c	G58	0.15b
	2	0.31a		0.29a		0.27a		0.35a		0.19a		0.19a		0.19a		0.21a
	3	0.27b		0.26b		0.25a		0.31b		0.16b		0.16b		0.15b		0.19a
LSD(0.05)		0.031		0.016		0.022		0.03		0.028		0.023		0.022		0.034
G11	1	0.23b	G27	0.22b	G43	0.26c	G59	0.25c	G11	0.12b	G27	0.11c	G43	0.16b	G59	0.15b
	2	0.29a		0.27a		0.34a		0.37a		0.18a		0.19a		0.22a		0.24a
	3	0.27a		0.26a		0.31b		0.30b		0.16a		0.16b		0.19a		0.18b
LSD(0.05)		0.025		0.023		0.031		0.028		0.029		0.025		0.029		0.033
G12	1	0.24c	G28	0.24b	G44	0.24c	G60	0.22c	G12	0.11c	G28	0.14b	G44	0.14c	G60	0.12c
	2	0.32a		0.33a		0.35a		0.31a		0.20a		0.21a		0.22a		0.20a
	3	0.28b		0.30a		0.30b		0.26b		0.16b		0.17b		0.18b		0.17b
LSD(0.05)		0.028		0.031		0.028		0.025		0.032		0.03		0.031		0.025
G13	1	0.23c	G29	0.25c	G45	0.22c	G61	0.22c	G13	0.13c	G29	0.15c	G45	0.13b	G61	0.12b
	2	0.31a		0.36a		0.33a		0.28a		0.19a		0.24a		0.19a		0.18a
	3	0.28b		0.31b		0.27b		0.25b		0.15b		0.19b		0.17a		0.16a
LSD(0.05)		0.023		0.028		0.028		0.018		0.028		0.027		0.027		0.031
G14	1	0.21c	G30	0.27b	G46	0.21c	G62	0.22b	G14	0.2c	G30	0.16b	G46	0.12b	G62	0.12b
	2	0.28a		0.36a		0.31a		0.26a		0.18a		0.23a		0.18a		0.17a
	3	0.23b		0.30ab		0.26b		0.23b		0.15b		0.18b		0.16a		0.14b
LSD(0.05)		0.022		0.029		0.029		0.027		0.024		0.03		0.028		0.023
G15	1	0.23c	G31	0.21c	G47	0.25c	G63	0.19c	G15	0.11b	G31	0.12b	G47	0.17b	G63	0.11c
	2	0.30a		0.26a		0.32a		0.27a		0.18a		0.17a		0.21a		0.18a
	3	0.27b		0.24b		0.29b		0.24b		0.16a		0.15a		0.18ab		0.14b
LSD(0.05)		0.016		0.023		0.023		0.024		0.024		0.026		0.029		0.016
G16	1	0.22b	G32	0.23c	G48	0.24c	G64	0.24b	G16	0.12b	G32	0.13b	G48	0.16b	G64	0.13b
	2	0.27a		0.31a		0.32a		0.30a		0.19a		0.20a		0.20a		0.19a
	3	0.24ab		0.26b		0.28b		0.26b		0.14b		0.16b		0.18ab		0.14b
LSD(0.05)		0.028		0.024		0.025		0.027		0.023		0.024		0.025		0.025

In each column, means with similar letter (s) are statistically identical, and those with dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability, T₁ = 5 t ha⁻¹ CM, T₂ = 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + 50% CFRR, T₃ = 100% CFRR, and % P = percentage of phosphorus content.

3.4.3. Nutrient Content (% K) of Grain and Straw

There was a significant effect on K contents in rice grain and straw among the genotype and treatment. Results indicated that the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) recorded on K content in grain on genotype Putra 2 (G47) (0.19%) followed by MR297(G45) (0.18%), BRRI dhan39 (G55) (0.17%), BRRI dhan75 (G59) (0.16%), and Pukhi (G1) (0.15%), respectively, were significantly higher than the other treatments, while application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) recorded lower P content on genotype BANGKUL (G42) (0.07%), B370 (G62) (0.08%), BRRI dhan55 (G60) (0.09%), BINASAIL (G63) (0.10%), and BRRI dhan39 (G55) (0.11%), respectively, were presented in Table 12. On the other hand, the application of T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM + 50% CFRR) recorded on K content in straw on genotype Pukhil (G1) (1.84%) followed by Utri (G4) (1.81%), Panbira (G2) (1.79%), Vandana (G7) (1.78%), Parija (G12) (1.77%), Dharial (G3) (1.76%), and Kaisa panja (G6) (1.74%), respectively, were significantly higher than the other treatments, while the application of T₁ (5 t ha⁻¹ CM) recorded lower K content on genotype B370 (G62) (1.25%), BINASAIL (G63) (1.27%), BRRI dhan55 (G60) (1.28%), and BRRI dhan28 (G54) (1.29%), respectively, in Table 12.

Table 12. Grain and straw nutrient content (% K) of 64 rice genotypes as influenced by treatment and genotype (pooled over two seasons).

Genotype (G)	Treatment (T)	Grain								Straw
		% K								% K
G1	1	0.11b	G17	0.09b	G33	0.09b	G49	0.10b	G1	1.51c	G17	1.41c	G33	1.39c	G49	1.32c
	2	0.17a		0.16a		0.14a		0.16a		1.84a		1.76a		1.62a		1.54a
	3	0.15a		0.15a		0.13a		0.13b		1.70b		1.54b		1.49b		1.40b
LSD(0.05)		0.020		0.025		0.023		0.030		0.044		0.035		0.034		0.033
G2	1	0.10c	G18	0.09c	G34	0.08b	G50	0.11c	G2	1.47c	G18	1.40c	G34	1.37c	G50	1.30c
	2	0.16a		0.16a		0.16a		0.19a		1.79a		1.74a		1.71a		1.59a
	3	0.13b		0.13b		0.14a		0.16b		1.68b		1.53b		1.54b		1.42b
LSD(0.05)		0.020		0.026		0.023		0.028		0.032		0.037		0.031		0.030
G3	1	0.12b	G19	0.08c	G35	0.09c	G51	0.09b	G3	1.45c	G19	1.37c	G35	1.34c	G51	1.31c
	2	0.16a		0.15a		0.16a		0.16a		1.76a		1.78a		1.72a		1.57a
	3	0.14a		0.11b		0.13b		0.15a		1.63b		1.56b		1.53b		1.43b
LSD(0.05)		0.023		0.022		0.011		0.020		0.040		0.034		0.027		0.034
G4	1	0.12b	G20	0.09c	G36	0.10c	G52	0.11b	G4	1.46c	G20	1.34c	G36	1.38c	G52	1.28c
	2	0.15a		0.17a		0.16a		0.18a		1.81a		1.70a		1.69a		1.46a
	3	0.14ab		0.14b		0.14b		0.15a		1.70b		1.47b		1.50b		1.40b
LSD(0.05)		0.025		0.020		0.023		0.031		0.041		0.028		0.038		0.033
G5	1	0.10b	G21	0.09c	G37	0.11c	G53	0.10c	G5	1.38c	G21	1.38c	G37	1.35c	G53	1.31c
	2	0.15a		0.14a		0.17a		0.19a		1.70a		1.72a		1.65a		1.60a
	3	0.13b		0.11b		0.15b		0.16b		1.59b		1.54b		1.51b		1.42b
LSD(0.05)		0.027		0.021		0.022		0.025		0.032		0.033		0.026		0.035
G6	1	0.09c	G22	0.10c	G38	0.09b	G54	0.12b	G6	1.40c	G22	1.37c	G38	1.33c	G54	1.29c
	2	0.15a		0.16a		0.14a		0.18a		1.74a		1.74a		1.67a		1.55a
	3	0.12b		0.13b		0.12a		0.14b		1.62b		1.53b		1.49b		1.37b
LSD(0.05)		0.025		0.028		0.025		0.03		0.032		0.030		0.041		0.037
G7	1	0.09c	G23	0.10b	G39	0.11b	G55	0.11a	G7	1.42c	G23	1.35c	G39	1.39c	G55	1.28c
	2	0.13a		0.14a		0.15a		0.17a		1.78a		1.70a		1.72a		1.50a
	3	0.11b		0.12ab		0.14a		0.13b		1.63b		1.52b		1.51b		1.36b
LSD(0.05)		0.021		0.025		0.025		0.021		0.034		0.025		0.031		0.028
G8	1	0.11c	G24	0.11b	G40	0.12b	G56	0.13b	G8	1.36c	G24	1.37b	G40	1.36c	G56	1.27c
	2	0.17a		0.17a		0.16a		0.18a		1.66a		1.61a		1.64a		1.44a
	3	0.14b		0.15a		0.15a		0.15ab		1.52b		1.48b		1.47b		1.34b
LSD(0.05)		0.023		0.023		0.020		0.027		0.041		0.022		0.034		0.031
G9	1	0.08b	G25	0.10b	G41	0.09b	G57	0.10b	G9	1.44c	G25	1.41c	G41	1.37c	G57	1.25c
	2	0.16a		0.15a		0.13a		0.17a		1.71a		1.72a		1.69a		1.46a
	3	0.14a		0.14a		0.12a		0.15a		1.59b		1.50b		1.48b		1.34b
LSD(0.05)		0.025		0.022		0.021		0.023		0.034		0.034		0.029		0.035
G10	1	0.08c	G26	0.08b	G42	0.07b	G58	0.12b	G10	1.40c	G26	1.34c	G42	1.34c	G58	1.27c
	2	0.15a		0.13a		0.12a		0.17a		1.79a		1.65a		1.71a		1.50a
	3	0.12b		0.12ab		0.11a		0.14b		1.66b		1.44b		1.45b		1.35b
LSD(0.05)		0.017		0.021		0.020		0.028		0.042		0.025		0.030		0.034
G11	1	0.10b	G27	0.09c	G43	0.11b	G59	0.11c	G11	1.43c	G27	1.34c	G43	1.34c	G59	1.27c
	2	0.14a		0.15a		0.15a		0.19a		1.78a		1.62a		1.55a		1.56a
	3	0.11b		0.12b		0.15a		0.16b		1.63b		1.41b		1.46b		1.38b
LSD(0.05)		0.020		0.016		0.025		0.024		0.027		0.036		0.038		0.035
G12	1	0.11b	G28	0.09c	G44	0.11c	G60	0.09c	G12	1.40c	G28	1.37c	G44	1.36c	G60	1.28c
	2	0.16a		0.16a		0.16a		0.16a		1.77a		1.70a		1.53a		1.47a
	3	0.13b		0.14b		0.14b		0.12b		1.61b		1.49b		1.44b		1.34b
LSD(0.05)		0.020		0.021		0.022		0.020		0.030		0.037		0.035		0.035
G13	1	0.09c	G29	0.08c	G45	0.12c	G61	0.11b	G13	1.36c	G29	1.39c	G45	1.32c	G61	1.28c
	2	0.15a		0.15a		0.18a		0.16a		1.72a		1.68a		1.56a		1.51a
	3	0.12b		0.12b		0.15b		0.13ab		1.55b		1.50b		1.45b		1.35b
LSD(0.05)		0.016		0.023		0.023		0.027		0.034		0.036		0.034		0.031
G14	1	0.09b	G30	0.08b	G46	0.08b	G62	0.08b	G14	1.37c	G30	1.34c	G46	1.33c	G62	1.25c
	2	0.18a		0.13a		0.16a		0.14a		1.69a		1.52a		1.60a		1.46a
	3	0.17a		0.12ab		0.14a		0.11b		1.51b		1.45b		1.47b		1.33b
LSD(0.05)		0.024		0.020		0.024		0.025		0.033		0.029		0.028		0.037
G15	1	0.08b	G31	0.11b	G47	0.11c	G63	0.10c	G15	1.34c	G31	1.35c	G47	1.34c	G63	1.27c
	2	0.14a		0.16a		0.19a		0.14a		1.65a		1.54a		1.59a		1.43a
	3	0.13a		0.14a		0.15b		0.12b		1.49b		1.44b		1.42b		1.35b
LSD(0.05)		0.016		0.028		0.023		0.016		0.035		0.031		0.031		0.030
G16	1	0.10b	G32	0.09c	G48	0.12b	G64	0.10b	G16	1.43c	G32	1.35c	G48	1.35c	G64	1.29c
	2	0.15a		0.15a		0.18a		0.15a		1.79a		1.66a		1.55a		1.52a
	3	0.14a		0.11b		0.14b		0.13a		1.62b		1.54b		1.39b		1.40b
LSD(0.05)		0.023		0.022		0.028		0.025		0.034		0.027		0.035		0.031

In each column, means with similar letter (s) are statistically identical, and those with dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per 0.05 level of probability, T1 = 5 t ha⁻¹ CM, T2 = 2.5 t ha⁻¹ + 50% CFRR, T3 = 100% CFRR, and % k = percentage of potassium content.

4. Discussion

The results of this experiment revealed that there is a high correlation between plant height and rice plant productivity or growth rate. During the developing stages of rice plants, they grow and flourish to a specific height [24]. Phenotype refers to the process of measuring the basic and complicated traits of a rice species, which include plant height. Organic fertilizer has a positive impact on the growth and production of various crops [25,26]. Plant height is also a major agronomic characteristic that indirectly affects rice plant yields. Traditionally, rice genotypes are tall in stature, are susceptible to loading at maturity, respond poorly to nitrogen fertilizer, and, therefore, produce low yields. For high-yielding varieties, moderate plant heights are desirable. Approximately half of the recommended chemical fertilizer is saved, according to the findings of this study. It differs from the findings of Chandini et al. [13], who discovered that organic fertilizers could potentially replace 50% of needed nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers by improving. They examined the efficacy of suggested nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and lowering chemical fertilizer costs while also preventing environmental contamination from widespread use. Chemical N and P application can be reduced by 50%, while rice yield is boosted with the addition of 5 t ha⁻¹ organic fertilizer [27]. However, when organic fertilizers were used in conjunction with a half dose of inorganic fertilizer on lettuce (Lactuca sativa), twenty-five percent (25%) more growth was achieved than when only chemical fertilizer was used, and at least fifty percent (50%) of chemical fertilizer was saved by using organic fertilizer [28]. The enhanced vegetative growth and additional nitrogen contribution that occurs in response to the recommended fertilizer dose could be the primary reason for the increase in plant height [29]. The availability of main nutrients was equated to the variance in plant height caused by nutrient sources. Chemical fertilizers provide nutrients that are easily soluble in soil solutions and hence available to plants almost immediately. Microbial action and increased soil physical condition contribute to nutrient availability from organic sources. Bargaz et al. [30] agreed with these conclusions. Variations in the availability of key nutrients were thought to be the cause of plant height variation caused by nutrition source. Setiawati et al. [31] reported similar results in rice crops.

Tillering is a crucial feature for grain production and, as a result, a significant factor in rice output. Siavoshi et al. [32] found that different fertilizer mixes increased the number of tillers in rice plants. According to them, the increased number of tillers per square meter could be related to increased nitrogen availability, which is important for cell division. Organic sources provide plants with a better balanced diet, particularly micronutrients, which have a good impact on the number of tillers in plants [33]. The number of productive tillers (tillers that carry panicles) is more important than the overall number of tillers in determining rice plant productivity. The considerable difference in the number of tiller and panicle plant⁻¹ seen in this study can be attributed to genetic differences in their ability to use fertilizers, partition photosynthesis, and accumulate dry matter. The number of panicles grew with increasing nitrogen rates [34,35], and the number of panicles plant⁻¹ increased with increasing NPK rates. Organic manure and chemical fertilizers produced the most prolific tillers, which could be attributed to the nutrient availability in the soil. The availability of nutrients from organic sources, on the other hand, is attributed to microbial action and improved soil physical conditions. The excessive application of inorganic fertilizers is not required to generate good tillers if organic manures are supplemented, which also helps to provide vital micronutrients to the plants [36,37]. In rice crops, Mirza et al. [38] found similar findings.

Rice genotypes differed considerably in panicle length and grain yield. These findings are thought to be attributable to the rice plant receiving extra nutrients as a result of the soil amendment. The application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers resulted in a considerable increase in panicle length [1]. Similar findings were reported by [39,40].

In comparison to fertilizers, manure had a stronger effect in increasing the quantity of grains panicle⁻¹. It is possible that this owes to the manure’s higher nutrient availability. The application of organic materials as fertilizers provided growth-regulating substances that helped better grain filling and improved the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of the soil in this study, and the organic manure and chemical fertilizer had a significant effect because the application of organic materials as fertilizers provides growth-regulating substances that helped better grain filling and improved the physical, chemical, and microbial properties of the soil [41]. The use of organic manures and chemical fertilizers resulted in a considerable increase in grains per panicle [12]. These findings are also supported by Iqbal et al. [42].

The combined application of organic manure and artificial fertilizer resulted in statistically significant change in the weight of 1000 seeds. The combined use of organic manure and artificial fertilizers enhanced the 1000-grain weight of rice [43]. The use of organic manure and artificial fertilizer enhanced the 1000-grain weight of rice [44]. Hoque et al. [45] also found that combining organic manure with chemical fertilizers improved grain weight by 1000 grains. Geng et al. [46] reported that the availability of nutrients throughout the reproductive stage resulted in improved grain filling and thus increased grain weight.

The addition of organic manure to chemical fertilizers enhanced grain output significantly in all genotypes. This was due to the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on encouraging growth and, as a result, increasing yields. The various fertilizers aided tiller growth and helped spikelet formation, resulting in a higher yield. Wang et al. [34] supported these findings. The fact that it improves soil quality, soil health, and crop output could explain this. The observations of [10] backed up this theory. It was demonstrated that applying organic manure can boost photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient availability [9]. Ye et al. [47] suggested the use of organic manure and chemical fertilizers enhanced grain output considerably. Organic manure and chemical fertilizers boosted rice straw yields [48]. These assumptions are supported by [40,49]. Increasing cropping intensity, the use of modern varieties (high-yielding varieties and hybrids), cultivation of high-biomass-potential crops, nutrient leaching, and unbalanced fertilizer application, with no or little addition of organic manure, have resulted in nutrient mining from the soils. To stop nutrient mining, it is not justified to increase the use of only inorganic fertilizers, but the use of organic sources of plant nutrients viz. cow dung, chicken manure, compost, and green manure should be also considered. In this study, nutrient contents of grain and straw of all genotypes showed that the highest N, P, and K contents were recorded in T₂ (2.5 t ha⁻¹ CM+ 50% CFRR). These findings are partially similar to these of [50,51], who obtained higher contents of nutrient elements such as N, P, and K in rice by applying chicken manure with inorganic fertilizers. The use of a combination of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers clearly aided plant vegetative growth, resulting in higher straw yield.

5. Conclusions

From the above results, it may be concluded that organic fertilizers in the form of chicken manure have the potential to increase the growth parameters, yield components, and nutritional quality of rice. The use of chicken manure as an organic fertilizer for rice also had positive effects on growth, yield, and nutrient content in the crop. All of the treatments had a significant impact on rice genotypes growth and production. In the current study, it was discovered that 2.5 tons of chicken manure per hectare, combined with 50% of the prescribed chemical fertilizer, resulted in a higher grain yield than the other treatments. From a financial standpoint, producers can employ a combination of organic fertilizer and a lower amount of inorganic fertilizer to increase rice yields while also maintaining and improving soil health.