Conservation Agriculture Effects on Soil Water Holding Capacity and Water-Saving Varied with Management Practices and Agroecological Conditions: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework and Objectives of the Review
3. Conservation Agriculture Contribution to SOC
3.1. Effect of Crop Residue and Crop Rotation on SOC
3.2. Effect of Tillage on SOC
3.3. Combined Effect of CA-Practices on SOC
Country | Climate | Cropping Systems | Soil Texture | Depth (cm) | Duration (Year) | Change (% of Increase) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
India | Subtropical | Rice-wheat | Clay loam | 0–15 15–30 | 12 | 40.0 20.0 | [48] |
China | Continental temperate monsoon | Maize-soybean | Clay loam | 0–5 | 17 | 26.0 | [58] |
China | Subtropical monsoon | Rice-wheat | Sandy | 0–20 | 3 | 28.5 | [70] |
India | Continental monsoon-Semiarid | Sorghum + cowpea/wheat | Clay loam | 0–15 | 5 | 21.0% | [65] |
India | Semi-arid–sub tropical | Rice-wheat Maize-wheat | Clay loam | 0–15 | 4 | 67 to 71 | [66] |
India | Semi-arid | Rice-wheat Maize-wheat | Loam | 0–15 | 6 | 75 to 80 | [26] |
India | Semi-arid subtropical | Rice-wheat Maize-wheat | Clay loam | 0–15 | 3 | 50 to 54 | [26] |
Oklahoma, USA | Humid subtropical | Winter wheat | Silt loam | 0–15 | 15 | 13 to 29 | [54] |
Tunisia | Mediterranean | Wheat | Clay loam | 0–30 | 7 | 10.5 | [166] |
Spain | Dry sub humid | Barley | Clayey | 0–15 | 5 | 15.3 | [167] |
Spain | Semiarid Mediterranean | Barley | Silt loam | 0–30 | 8 | 8.7 | [168] |
Germany | Temperate oceanic | Various | Silty loam | 0–30 | 6 | 11 | [169] |
Kansas, USA | Semiarid, continental | Various, (cereal based) | Various | 0–5 | 23 | 6.4 to 40.0 | [42] |
Spain | Moist Mediterranean | Oats-Triticale | Sandy loam | 0–5 | 8 | 30.0 | [170] |
China | Various | Various | Various | 0.20 | (≥3) | 5.1 | [157] |
4. Soil Organic Matter Contribution to Water Holding Capacity of the Soil
5. Effect of CA-Practices on Soil Porosity, Pore Size Distribution, and WHC
6. Effects of CA-Practices on Soil Water-Saving
Country | Climate | Crop | Soil Texture | Duration (year) | Change in IR (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
India | Semi-arid and subtropical | Rice-Wheat | Loam | 5 | 244.0 | [66] |
China | Continental monsoon | Maize | Clay loam | 8 | 108.0 | [243] |
China | Continental | Wheat | Silty clay loam | 16 | 300.0 | [212] |
Germany | Temperate oceanic | Various | Silt | 8 | 231.5 | [169] |
Australia | Humid subtropical | Soybean-Oat | Silt loam | 14 | 400.0 | [169] |
Knsasa, USA | Semiarid, continental | Wheat | Silt loam | 11 | 194.0 | [244] |
China | Subtropical monsoon | Wheat-Corn | Silt loam | 9 | 85.0 | [245] |
Montana, USA | Subtropical and Subtropical steppe | Spring Wheat | Sandy loam | 9 | 23.0 | [246] |
Spain | Moist Mediterranean | Oat—Triticale | Sandy loam | 8 | 122.0 | [170] |
Bangladesh | Subtropical, wet, and humid | Rice-Wheat | Clay loam | 4 | 18.7 | [226] |
Bangladesh | Subtropical, wet, and humid | Wheat-Mungbean-Rice | Clay loam | 4 | 18.4 | [193] |
Ohia, USA | Humid subtropical | Maize-Soybean | Silt clay loam | 9 | 245.0 | [247] |
Ohio, USA | Humid subtropical | Maize | Silt loam | 14 | 46.0 | [192] |
Canada | Subhumid, cryoborea | Barley | Clay loam | 10 | 14.0 | [222] |
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
The Main Findings Can Be Highlighted as Follows
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Climate | Cropping Systems | Soil Texture | Duration (year) | Depth (cm) | Change in AWHC (%) | Change in WHC (%) | Change in SOC (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
India | Subtropical humid | Rice- Wheat | Sandy loam | 7 | 0–15 | NA | 31 | NA * | [223] |
Spain | Semiarid Mediterranean | Barley | Silt loam | 8 | 0–5 5–15 15–30 | 48.0 22.0 30.0 | 30.0 9.6 10.6 | 16.0 0.05 10.3 | [168] |
China | Continental monsoon | Wheat | Clay loam | 11 | 0–10 | 28.0 | NA | NA | [224] |
Tunisia | Mediterranean | wheat | clay loam | 7 | 0–10 Avg 0–30 | 16.6 71.4 | 46.6 38.7 | 50.0 10.5 | [166] |
Australia | Humid subtropical | Soybean-Oat | Silt loam | 14 | 0–5 5–10 10–20 | 19.0 25.0 −5.5 | 33.3 13.5 −4.7 | 101.0 | [225] |
Spain | Moist Mediterranean | Oats-Triticale | Sandy loam | 8 | 0–5 | 35.7 | 18.5 | 30.0 | [170] |
Bangladesh | Subtropical, wet, and humid | Rice- Wheat | Clay loam | 4 | 0–15 | 11. | NA | 26.8 | [226] |
Austria | Continental to semi-arid | Maize | Loam | 10 | 10–20 50–85 | 24.7 −11.8 | No effect −13.0 | No effect No effect | [227] |
Spain | Dry sub-humid | Barley | clayey | 5 | 0–15 15–30 | 13.0 NA | 12.5 NA | 15.3 −3.7 | [167] |
Canada | Humid continental | Wheat | Clay loam | 24 | 0–20 | −25.0 | NA | −9.3 | [221] |
Canada | Sub-humid, cryoborea | Barley | Clay loam | 10 | 0–2.5 Avg 0–15 | −51.0 15.47 | −2.54 0.5 | NA NA | [222] |
Oklahoma, USA | Humid subtropical | Various | Various | 2 | 190 | No effect | No effect | NA | [228] |
Ohio, USA | Humid subtropical | Maize | Silt loam | 14 | 10 | 8.0% | 9.0% | 23.0 | [192] |
Illinois, USA | Humid continental | Maize-Soybean | Silt loam | 8 | 75 | No effect | No effect | NA | [220] |
Canada | Humid continental | Maize-Soybean | Clay loam | 17 | 10 | No effect | No effect | 25.0 | [229] |
Nebraska, USA | Hot humid continental | Maize | Silty clay loam | 35 | 30 | No effect | No effect | 11.8 ** | [193] |
Bangladesh | Subtropical, wet, and humid | Wheat-Mungbean-Rice | Clay loam | 4 | 15 | No effect | No effect | 32.0 | [193] |
Germany | Temperate oceanic | Various | Silty loam | 6 | 30 | No effect | No effect | 11.0 | [169] |
Kansas, USA | Semiarid, continental | Various, (cereal based) | Various (5 location) | 23 | 5 | No effect | No effect | 6.4 to 40.0 | [42] |
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Abdallah, A.M.; Jat, H.S.; Choudhary, M.; Abdelaty, E.F.; Sharma, P.C.; Jat, M.L. Conservation Agriculture Effects on Soil Water Holding Capacity and Water-Saving Varied with Management Practices and Agroecological Conditions: A Review. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091681
Abdallah AM, Jat HS, Choudhary M, Abdelaty EF, Sharma PC, Jat ML. Conservation Agriculture Effects on Soil Water Holding Capacity and Water-Saving Varied with Management Practices and Agroecological Conditions: A Review. Agronomy. 2021; 11(9):1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091681
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdallah, Ahmed M., Hanuman S. Jat, Madhu Choudhary, Emad F. Abdelaty, Parbodh C. Sharma, and Mangi L. Jat. 2021. "Conservation Agriculture Effects on Soil Water Holding Capacity and Water-Saving Varied with Management Practices and Agroecological Conditions: A Review" Agronomy 11, no. 9: 1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091681
APA StyleAbdallah, A. M., Jat, H. S., Choudhary, M., Abdelaty, E. F., Sharma, P. C., & Jat, M. L. (2021). Conservation Agriculture Effects on Soil Water Holding Capacity and Water-Saving Varied with Management Practices and Agroecological Conditions: A Review. Agronomy, 11(9), 1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091681