Assessing the Potential of Polymer Coated Urea and Sulphur Fertilization on Growth, Physiology, Yield, Oil Contents and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Sunflower Crop under Arid Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site, Soil, and Climate Characteristics
2.2. Experimental Details
2.2.1. Experimental Design
2.2.2. Variety and Experimental Setup
2.3. Measurements and Analytical Procedures
2.3.1. Growth Attributes of Sunflower Crop
2.3.2. Physiological Attributes
2.3.3. Yield Attributes and Oil Contents of Sunflower Crop
2.3.4. Estimation of Nitrogen Use Efficiency
2.3.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Attributes and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Sunflower Crop
3.2. Physiological Attributes of Sunflower Crop
3.3. Yield Attributes and Oil Contents of Sunflower Crop
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NLPP (No.) | PH (cm) | TDM (kg ha−1) | NUE (kg AY/kg N) | NLPP (No.) | PH (cm) | TDM (kg ha−1) | NUE (kg AY/kg N) | |
Nitrogen fertilizer (NF) | ||||||||
CU | 28.4 b | 181 b | 9243 b | 16.9 b | 32.3 b | 183 b | 9475 b | 17.5 b |
PCU | 30.6 a | 199 a | 9437 a | 19.8 a | 33.3 a | 201 a | 9674 a | 20.3 a |
HSD at p ≤ 0.05 | 1.23 | 4.67 | 175.9 | 0.459 | 0.490 | 0.507 | 182.4 | 0.417 |
Sulphur fertilizer (SF) | ||||||||
S0 | 26.3 c | 175 c | 9084 c | 17.3 c | 31.3 c | 176 c | 9312 c | 17.9 c |
S30 | 29.3 b | 188 b | 9265 b | 17.9 b | 32.6 b | 190 b | 9498 b | 18.6 b |
S60 | 33.2 a | 206 a | 9672 a | 19.6 a | 34.6 a | 209 a | 9915 | 20.2 a |
HSD at p ≤ 0.05 | 2.32 | 3.78 | 151.4 | 0.124 | 0.408 | 0.475 | 156.1 | 0.108 |
CU × S0 | 27.5 c | 171 c | 9058 c | 16.1 e | 31.1 c | 171 f | 9286 c | 15.7 e |
CU × S30 | 28.4 c | 176 c | 9167 c | 16.6 d | 31.8 c | 177 e | 9398 c | 17.2 d |
CU × S60 | 29.8 b | 197 b | 9504 ab | 17.9 c | 33.9 b | 199 c | 9742 ab | 18.5 c |
PCU × S0 | 29.3 b | 179 c | 9110 c | 18.5 c | 31.4 c | 181 d | 9338 c | 19.0 c |
PCU × S30 | 30.4 b | 201 b | 9362 bc | 19.4 b | 33.3 b | 202 b | 9599 b | 19.9 b |
PCU × S60 | 33.2 a | 215 a | 9840 a | 21.4 a | 35.2 a | 218 a | 10088 a | 21.9 a |
HSD at p ≤ 0.05 | 1.34 | 6.84 | 274.2 | 0.875 | 0.738 | 0.860 | 282.9 | 0.796 |
NF | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | * | ** |
SF | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
NF × SF | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | * | ** |
Treatments | 2018 | 2019 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CH (Spad value) | NLPR (µmol m−2s−1) | SC (mol m−2s−1) | CH (Spad value) | NLPR (µmol m−2s−1) | SC (mol m−2s−1) | |
Nitrogen fertilizer (NF) | ||||||
CU | 53.2 b | 15.9 b | 0.380 b | 54.3 b | 16.3 b | 0.385 b |
PCU | 54.8 a | 17.4 a | 0.435 a | 56.0 a | 17.8 a | 0.440 a |
HSD at p ≤ 0.05 | 0.048 | 0.047 | 0.0274 | 0.417 | 0.417 | 0.0286 |
Sulphur fertilizer (SF) | ||||||
S0 | 52.8 a | 15.3 c | 0.325 c | 53.9 c | 15.7 c | 0.330 c |
S30 | 53.7 b | 16.5 b | 0.420 b | 54.9 b | 16.9 b | 0.425 b |
S60 | 55.4 a | 18.1 a | 0.478 a | 56.7 a | 18.5 a | 0.483 a |
HSD at p ≤ 0.05 | 0.405 | 0.055 | 0.0126 | 0.388 | 0.348 | 0.0122 |
CU × S0 | 52.3 d | 14.9 f | 0.307 c | 53.4 d | 15.3 c | 0.312 c |
CU × S30 | 52.7 cd | 15.4 e | 0.366 b | 53.7 cd | 15.7 c | 0.372 b |
CU × S60 | 54.6 b | 17.3 c | 0.466 a | 55.7 b | 17.7 b | 0.472 a |
PCU × S0 | 53.3 c | 15.7 d | 0.342 b | 54.4 c | 16.1 c | 0.347 bc |
PCU × S30 | 54.9 b | 17.6 b | 0.473 a | 56.2 b | 18.1 b | 0.478 a |
PCU × S60 | 56.2 a | 18.9 a | 0.489 a | 57.5 a | 19.4 a | 0.495 a |
HSD at p ≤ 0.05 | 0.604 | 0.099 | 0.0228 | 0.703 | 0.631 | 0.0222 |
NF | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
SF | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
NF × SF | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | * |
Treatments | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NAPH (No.) | TAW (g) | AY (kg ha−1) | OC (%) | NAPH (No.) | TAW (g) | AY (kg ha−1) | OC (%) | |
Nitrogen fertilizer (NF) | ||||||||
CU | 1338 b | 52.6 b | 2194 b | 37.2 b | 1339 b | 53.6 b | 2270 b | 37.6 b |
PCU | 1495 a | 55.1 a | 2567 a | 38.3 a | 1493 a | 56.0 a | 2644 a | 38.8 a |
HSD at p ≤ 0.05 | 72.42 | 1.90 | 58.7 | 0.623 | 75.07 | 1.77 | 52.98 | 0.426 |
Sulphur fertilizer (SF) | ||||||||
S0 | 1311 c | 50.7 c | 2248 c | 35.9 c | 1311 c | 51.7 c | 2324 c | 36.4 c |
S30 | 1383 b | 53.6 b | 2239 b | 37.5 b | 1385 b | 54.5 b | 2418 b | 37.8 b |
S60 | 1555 a | 57.1 a | 2555 a | 39.8 a | 1552 a | 58.2 a | 2629 a | 40.3 a |
HSD at p ≤ 0.05 | 15.14 | 0.794 | 16.03 | 0.463 | 25.20 | 1.04 | 13.88 | 0.486 |
CU × S0 | 1230 d | 50.4 d | 2097 e | 35.8 c | 1232 d | 51.5 d | 2172 e | 36.3 c |
CU × S30 | 1288 c | 52.3 bc | 2159 d | 36.6 c | 1292 c | 53.0 cd | 2239 d | 37.1 c |
CU × S60 | 1496 ab | 55.1 b | 2327 c | 39.1 b | 1492 ab | 56.3 b | 2398 c | 39.5 b |
PCU × S0 | 1393 bc | 51.1 cd | 2400 c | 36.1 c | 1389 bc | 51.9 d | 2476 c | 36.5 c |
PCU × S30 | 1478 b | 55.2 b | 2519 b | 38.4 b | 1480 b | 56.0 bc | 2597 b | 38.7 b |
PCU × S60 | 1614 a | 59.1 a | 2782 a | 40.5 a | 1612 a | 60.1 a | 2860 a | 41.1 a |
HSD at p ≤ 0.05 | 27.42 | 1.44 | 111.9 | 0.838 | 45.65 | 1.89 | 101.1 | 0.881 |
NF | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** |
SF | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
NF × SF | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** |
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Perveen, S.; Ahmad, S.; Skalicky, M.; Hussain, I.; Habibur-Rahman, M.; Ghaffar, A.; Shafqat Bashir, M.; Batool, M.; Hassan, M.M.; Brestic, M.; et al. Assessing the Potential of Polymer Coated Urea and Sulphur Fertilization on Growth, Physiology, Yield, Oil Contents and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Sunflower Crop under Arid Environment. Agronomy 2021, 11, 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020269
Perveen S, Ahmad S, Skalicky M, Hussain I, Habibur-Rahman M, Ghaffar A, Shafqat Bashir M, Batool M, Hassan MM, Brestic M, et al. Assessing the Potential of Polymer Coated Urea and Sulphur Fertilization on Growth, Physiology, Yield, Oil Contents and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Sunflower Crop under Arid Environment. Agronomy. 2021; 11(2):269. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020269
Chicago/Turabian StylePerveen, Sonia, Saeed Ahmad, Milan Skalicky, Ijaz Hussain, Muhammad Habibur-Rahman, Abdul Ghaffar, Muhammad Shafqat Bashir, Maria Batool, Montaser M. Hassan, Marian Brestic, and et al. 2021. "Assessing the Potential of Polymer Coated Urea and Sulphur Fertilization on Growth, Physiology, Yield, Oil Contents and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Sunflower Crop under Arid Environment" Agronomy 11, no. 2: 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020269