Comparing Soil vs. Foliar Nitrogen Supply of the Whole Fertilizer Dose in Common Wheat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Trial Set-Up
2.2. Plant Analysis
2.3. Foliar Phytotoxicity
2.4. Yield Parameters and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)
2.5. Grain Quality
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Climatic Conditions during the Trials
3.2. Effects on Vegetation Indices
3.3. Leaf Phytotoxicity
3.4. Grain Yield and Quality
3.5. Nitrogen Uptake and NUE
3.6. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Date | Phenological Stage | Treatment | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UAN | UREA | ||||||||||
0N | C-M | F-96 | F-104 | F-120 | C-M | F-96 | F-104 | F-120 | |||
2018–2019 | 20 October 2018 | Pre-sowing | 32 (s) | 32 (s) | 32 (s) | 32 (s) | 32 (s) | 32 (s) | 32 (s) | 32 (s) | 32 (s) |
25 February 2019 | Tillering (ZDS 26) | - | 58 (s) | 16 (f) | 8 (f) | 8 (f) | 58 (s) | 16 (f) | 8 (f) | 8 (f) | |
21 March 2019 | Stem elongation (ZDS 37) | - | 58 (s) | 16 (f) | 16 (f) | 16 (f) | 58 (s) | 16 (f) | 16 (f) | 16 (f) | |
24 April 2019 | Booting (ZDS 40) | - | - | 16 (f) | 32 (f) | 32 (f) | - | 16 (f) | 32 (f) | 32 (f) | |
7 May 2019 | Flowering (ZDS 62) | - | 12 (f) | 16 (f) | 16 (f) | 32 (f) | 12 (f) | 16 (f) | 16 (f) | 32 (f) | |
2019–2020 | 22 October 2019 | Pre-sowing | 32 (s) | - | - | - | - | 32 (s) | 32 (s) | 32 (s) | 32 (s) |
25 February 2020 | Tillering (ZDS 27) | - | - | - | - | - | 58 (s) | 16 (f) | 8 (f) | 8 (f) | |
28 March 2020 | Stem elongation (ZDS 37) | - | - | - | - | - | 58 (s) | 16 (f) | 16 (f) | 16 (f) | |
24 April 2020 | Booting (ZDS 40) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16 (f) | 32 (f) | 32 (f) | |
7 May 2020 | Flowering (ZDS 62) | - | - | - | - | - | 12 (f) | 16 (f) | 16 (f) | 32 (f) | |
Total N dose | 32 | 160 | 96 | 104 | 120 | 160 | 96 | 104 | 120 | ||
N saving (%) vs. C-M treatment | 80% | Ref. | 40% | 35% | 25% | Ref. | 40% | 35% | 25% |
Year | Fertilizer | Treatment | SPAD | NDVI | Shoot DW (g m−2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018–2019 | 0N | 44.3 ± 1.17 | 0.745 ± 0.004 | 1359 ± 57.3 | ||||
UAN | C-M | 47.4 ± 1.01 | a | 0.770 ± 0.016 | a | 1319 ± 62.0 | a | |
F-96 | 45.7 ± 0.35 | a (−4) | 0.758 ± 0.021 | a (−2) | 1246 ± 30.6 | a (−6) | ||
F-104 | 45.3 ± 0.90 | a (−4) | 0.736 ± 0.022 | a (−4) | 1414 ± 107.3 | a (+7) | ||
F-120 | 46.8 ± 0.35 | a (−1) | 0.760 ± 0.012 | a (−1) | 1349 ± 73.8 | a (+2) | ||
UREA | C-M | 47.4 ± 0.29 | a | 0.782 ± 0.013 | a | 1410 ± 81.9 | a | |
F-96 | 45.7 ± 0.77 | b (−4) | 0.753 ± 0.019 | a (−4) | 1431 ± 86.3 | a (+2) | ||
F-104 | 46.5 ± 0.19 | ab (−2) | 0.771 ± 0.017 | a (−1) | 1348 ± 36.1 | a (−4) | ||
F-120 | 45.9 ± 0.61 | ab (−3) | 0.771 ± 0.010 | a (−1) | 1474 ± 66.7 | a (+5) | ||
2019–2020 | 0N | 39.8 ± 1.65 | 0.690 ± 0.090 | 1371 ± 94.1 | ||||
UREA | C-M | 47.4 ± 0.16 | ab | 0.837 ± 0.005 | a | 1578 ± 188.3 | a | |
F-96 | 44.9 ± 0.37 | b (−5) | 0.774 ± 0.021 | c (−8) | 1479 ± 152.6 | a (−6) | ||
F-104 | 47.6 ± 0.28 | a (+1) | 0.820 ± 0.007 | ab (−2) | 1512 ± 6.0 | a (−4) | ||
F-120 | 46.4 ± 1.47 | ab (−2) | 0.793 ± 0.035 | bc (−5) | 1309 ± 66.8 | a (−17) |
Year | Fertilizer | Treatment | Yield DW (kg ha−1) | Harvest Index (%) | TSW (g) | Testing Weight (kg hL−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018–2019 | 0N | 5570 ± 9.70 | 34.3 ± 0.51 | 28.9 ± 0.26 | 80.9 ± 0.73 | |||||
UAN | C-M | 6407 ± 76.5 | b | 35.7 ± 1.11 | a | 29.0 ± 0.69 | a | 80.5 ± 0.23 | b | |
F-96 | 6635 ± 107.1 | ab (+4) | 35.9 ± 0.83 | a (+1) | 28.8 ± 0.43 | a (−1) | 81.7 ± 0.38 | ab (+1) | ||
F-104 | 6789 ± 76.2 | a (+6) | 36.8 ± 1.36 | a (+3) | 30.3 ± 1.26 | a (+5) | 82.4 ± 0.49 | a (+2) | ||
F-120 | 6357 ± 121.2 | b (−1) | 33.7 ± 3.24 | a (−6) | 27.8 ± 2.39 | a (−9) | 80.6 ± 0.90 | ab (=) | ||
UREA | C-M | 6386 ± 41.7 | ab | 33.1 ± 0.96 | a | 27.7 ± 0.72 | a | 79.5 ± 0.19 | b | |
F-96 | 6527 ± 96.5 | a (+2) | 35.8 ± 0.69 | a (+8) | 29.4 ± 0.36 | a (+6) | 81.9 ± 0.36 | a (+3) | ||
F-104 | 6193 ± 95.6 | b (−3) | 36.0 ± 1.47 | a (+9) | 29.1 ± 0.44 | a (−1) | 80.4 ± 0.69 | b (+1) | ||
F-120 | 6524 ± 69.0 | a (+2) | 33.9 ± 0.62 | a (+2) | 28.9 ± 0.66 | a (−1) | 81.8 ± 0.31 | a (+3) | ||
2019–2020 | 0N | 5914 ± 758.4 | 41.0 ± 1.69 | 35.5 ± 0.57 | 80.9 ± 0.56 | |||||
UREA | C-M | 6129 ± 436.0 | a | 39.9 ± 1.75 | a | 34.5 ± 0.51 | a | 82.5 ± 0.19 | b | |
F-96 | 6828 ± 286.8 | a (+11) | 44.7 ± 0.36 | a (+12) | 38.3 ± 0.64 | a (+10) | 83.2 ± 0.38 | ab (+1) | ||
F-104 | 6214 ± 643.9 | a (+1) | 39.9 ± 3.72 | a (=) | 35.1 ± 2.77 | a (+2) | 82.8 ± 0.38 | ab (=) | ||
F-120 | 6259 ± 287.7 | a (+2) | 41.3 ± 3.14 | a (+3) | 35.2 ± 1.51 | a (+2) | 83.8 ± 0.38 | a (+1) |
Year | Fertilizer | Treatment | GPC (%) | Zeleny Index (%) | Wet Gluten (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018–2019 | 0N | 11.4 ± 0.53 | 33.5 ± 2.12 | 27.6 ± 1.31 | ||||
UAN | C-M | 14.0 ± 0.64 | a | 42.8 ± 5.88 | a | 31.4 ± 1.68 | ab | |
F-96 | 13.1 ± 0.37 | a (−6) | 35.9 ± 2.40 | a (−16) | 29.4 ± 0.80 | b (−6) | ||
F-104 | 13.4 ± 0.26 | a (−4) | 37.9 ± 3.29 | a (−11) | 30.0 ± 0.61 | ab (−4) | ||
F-120 | 14.5 ± 0.45 | a (+4) | 48.3 ± 3.40 | a (+13) | 33.3 ± 1.13 | a (+6) | ||
UREA | C-M | 14.3 ± 0.61 | ab | 44.9 ± 5.28 | ab | 32.5 ± 1.56 | ab | |
F-96 | 13.2 ± 0.44 | b (−8) | 36.7 ± 4.39 | b (−18) | 30.0 ± 1.10 | b (−8) | ||
F-104 | 14.7 ± 0.32 | a (+3) | 49.2 ± 1.50 | a (+10) | 33.4 ± 0.61 | a (+3) | ||
F-120 | 14.5 ± 0.19 | ab (+1) | 48.6 ± 0.80 | a (+8) | 32.8 ± 0.54 | ab (+1) | ||
2019–2020 | 0N | 9.9 ± 0.41 | 21.6 ± 2.66 | 15.8 ± 0.96 | ||||
UREA | C-M | 13.2 ± 0.33 | b | 32.9 ± 2.66 | bc | 26.8 ± 1.19 | b | |
F-96 | 12.0 ± 0.15 | c (−9) | 29.1 ± 1.02 | c (−12) | 23.3 ± 0.48 | c (−13) | ||
F-104 | 13.9 ± 0.35 | ab (+6) | 40.4 ± 5.34 | ab (+23) | 30.0 ± 1.27 | a (+12) | ||
F-120 | 14.2 ± 0.13 | a (+8) | 46.3 ± 0.69 | a (+41) | 31.0 ± 0.23 | a (+16) |
Year | Fertilizer | Treatment | N Use Efficiency NUE kg Grains/kg N-Applied | N Uptake Efficiency (NUpE) kg N-Uptake/kg N-Applied | N Utilization Efficiency (NUtE) kg Grain/kg N-Uptake | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018–2019 | UAN | C-M | 40.0 ± 0.48 | d | 1.39 ± 0.17 | b | 29.8 ± 3.64 | ab |
F-96 | 69.1 ± 1.12 | a (+73) | 2.81 ± 0.19 | a (+103) | 24.8 ± 1.40 | b (−17) | ||
F-104 | 65.3 ± 0.73 | b (+63) | 1.76 ± 0.18 | b (+27) | 37.9 ± 4.15 | a (+27) | ||
F-120 | 53.0 ± 1.01 | c (+32) | 1.42 ± 0.14 | b (+2) | 38.3 ± 4.31 | a (+29) | ||
UREA | C-M | 39.9 ± 0.26 | d | 1.15 ± 0.15 | b | 35.8 ± 4.50 | a | |
F-96 | 68.0 ± 1.01 | a (+70) | 2.46 ± 0.04 | a (+113) | 27.7 ± 0.83 | a (−23) | ||
F-104 | 59.6 ± 0.92 | b (+49) | 2.38 ± 0.49 | a (+107) | 27.3 ± 5.94 | a (−24) | ||
F-120 | 54.4 ± 0.58 | c (+36) | 2.00 ± 0.14 | ab (+74) | 27.5 ± 1.91 | a (−23) | ||
2019–2020 | UREA | C-M | 38.3 ± 4.7 | c | 1.49 ± 0.18 | b | 26.1 ± 1.55 | b |
F-96 | 71.1 ± 5.2 | a (+86) | 2.10 ± 0.31 | ab (+41) | 34.8 ± 3.32 | a (+34) | ||
F-104 | 59.8 ± 10.7 | ab (+56) | 2.35 ± 0.20 | a (+58) | 25.8 ± 3.50 | b (−1) | ||
F-120 | 52.2 ± 4.2 | b (+36) | 1.78 ± 0.11 | ab (+19) | 29.4 ± 0.51 | ab (+13) |
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Ferrari, M.; Dal Cortivo, C.; Panozzo, A.; Barion, G.; Visioli, G.; Giannelli, G.; Vamerali, T. Comparing Soil vs. Foliar Nitrogen Supply of the Whole Fertilizer Dose in Common Wheat. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112138
Ferrari M, Dal Cortivo C, Panozzo A, Barion G, Visioli G, Giannelli G, Vamerali T. Comparing Soil vs. Foliar Nitrogen Supply of the Whole Fertilizer Dose in Common Wheat. Agronomy. 2021; 11(11):2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112138
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerrari, Manuel, Cristian Dal Cortivo, Anna Panozzo, Giuseppe Barion, Giovanna Visioli, Gianluigi Giannelli, and Teofilo Vamerali. 2021. "Comparing Soil vs. Foliar Nitrogen Supply of the Whole Fertilizer Dose in Common Wheat" Agronomy 11, no. 11: 2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112138
APA StyleFerrari, M., Dal Cortivo, C., Panozzo, A., Barion, G., Visioli, G., Giannelli, G., & Vamerali, T. (2021). Comparing Soil vs. Foliar Nitrogen Supply of the Whole Fertilizer Dose in Common Wheat. Agronomy, 11(11), 2138. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112138