Effects of White LED Lighting with Specific Shorter Blue and/or Green Wavelength on the Growth and Quality of Two Lettuce Cultivars in a Vertical Farming System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Growth Condition
2.2. Light Treatments
2.3. Growth Characteristics
2.4. Absorbance and Transmittance
2.5. Individual Phenolic Acid and Flavonol Analysis
2.6. Light and Energy Use Efficiency
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Experiment 1
3.1.1. Growth Characteristics
3.1.2. Absorbance and Transmittance
3.1.3. Light and Energy Use Efficiency
3.2. Experiment 2
3.2.1. Growth Characteristics
3.2.2. Absorbance and Transmittance
3.2.3. Individual Phenolic Acid and Flavonol Contents
3.2.4. Light and Energy Use Efficiency
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Light Source | Range (nm) | Peak Wavelength (nm) | Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|
RB | Blue (400–500) | 444 | 47 |
Green (500–600) | - | 2 | |
Red (600–700) | 665 | 51 | |
NWL | Blue (400–500) | 453 | 21 |
Green (500–600) | 586 | 42 | |
Red (600–700) | 665 | 37 | |
SWL1 | Blue (400–500) | 437 | 26 |
Green (500–600) | 526 | 41 | |
Red (600–700) | 665 | 33 | |
SWL2 | Blue (400–500) | 437 | 19 |
Green (500–600) | 578 | 43 | |
Red (600–700) | 664 | 38 |
Experiment | Light Source | PPFD (μmol m−2 s−1) | Electrical Power (W) |
---|---|---|---|
Experiment 1 | RB | 129.73 | 80 |
NWL | 161.15 | ||
SWL1 | 172.28 | ||
SWL2 | 167.55 | ||
Experiment 2 | RB | 147.50 ± 2.89 | 88.59 |
NWL | 63.10 | ||
SWL1 | 65.01 | ||
SWL2 | 59.24 |
Cultivar | Light Source | Absorbance (%) | Transmittance (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue (380–499 nm) | Green (500–599 nm) | Red (600–700 nm) | Blue (380–499 nm) | Green (500–599 nm) | Red (600–700 nm) | ||
Butterhead | RB | 97 | - | 92 | 3 | - | 8 |
NWL | 98 | 82 | 90 | 2 | 18 | 10 | |
SWL1 | 96 | 77 | 88 | 4 | 23 | 12 | |
SWL2 | 96 | 73 | 85 | 4 | 27 | 15 | |
Romaine | RB | 98 | - | 96 | 2 | - | 4 |
NWL | 97 | 84 | 90 | 3 | 16 | 10 | |
SWL1 | 99 | 87 | 93 | 1 | 13 | 7 | |
SWL2 | 98 | 83 | 91 | 2 | 17 | 9 |
Cultivar | Light Source | Absorbance (%) | Transmittance (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue (380–499 nm) | Green (500–599 nm) | Red (600–700 nm) | Blue (380–499 nm) | Green (500–599 nm) | Red (600–700 nm) | ||
Butterhead | RB | 98 | - | 94 | 2 | - | 6 |
NWL | 96 | 77 | 86 | 4 | 23 | 14 | |
SWL1 | 96 | 77 | 86 | 4 | 23 | 14 | |
SWL2 | 96 | 73 | 84 | 4 | 27 | 16 | |
Romaine | RB | 99 | - | 95 | 1 | - | 5 |
NWL | 97 | 83 | 90 | 3 | 17 | 10 | |
SWL1 | 98 | 85 | 92 | 2 | 15 | 8 | |
SWL2 | 98 | 84 | 91 | 2 | 16 | 9 |
Individual Compound Content (μg Plant−1) | Light Source | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RB | NWL | SWL1 | SWL2 | ||||||
Phenolic acids | Gallic acid | 193.77 | b z | 167.50 | c | 185.05 | bc | 241.56 | a |
Protocatechuic acid | 69.46 | a | 42.74 | b | 44.64 | b | 47.89 | b | |
Chlorogenic acid | 729.54 | a | 433.24 | c | 509.25 | b | 691.87 | a | |
p-Hydrobenzoic acid | 98.28 | b | 75.82 | d | 86.12 | c | 113.50 | a | |
Vanillic acid | 11.45 | c | 20.10 | b | 9.78 | c | 23.47 | a | |
p-Coumaric acid | 13.70 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |||||
Ferulic acid | 45.52 | a | 16.33 | b | 17.06 | b | 19.42 | b | |
Veratric acid | 65.10 | a | 28.37 | c | 32.64 | c | 47.34 | b | |
Benzoic acid | 280.00 | a | 174.96 | b | 180.61 | b | 183.77 | b | |
t-Cinnamic acid | 5.81 | b | 4.13 | d | 4.80 | c | 6.72 | a | |
Total | 1512.65 | 963.18 | 1069.96 | 1375.56 | |||||
Flavonols | Epigallocatechin | 522.10 | c | 637.60 | b | 586.33 | bc | 749.57 | a |
Catechin | 390.01 | a | 224.36 | c | 206.86 | c | 270.07 | b | |
Epicatechin | 156.22 | a | 130.20 | b | 120.18 | b | 152.37 | a | |
Epigallocatechin gallate | 80.26 | a | 67.96 | b | 63.11 | b | 87.26 | a | |
Vanillin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |||||
Rutin | 69.59 | a | 8.33 | c | 9.51 | c | 17.92 | b | |
Catechin gallate | 99.92 | a | 1.85 | d | 70.26 | c | 81.77 | b | |
Quercetin | 1052.95 | b | 847.18 | c | 977.60 | b | 1422.73 | a | |
Naringin | 80.62 | a | 27.91 | d | 43.30 | c | 64.00 | b | |
Naringenin | 101.25 | b | 79.49 | c | 105.93 | b | 148.37 | a | |
Formononetin | 25.58 | a | n.d. | 24.38 | a | 13.64 | b | ||
Total | 2578.51 | 2024.88 | 2207.46 | 3007.69 |
Individual Compound Content (μg Plant−1) | Light Source | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RB | NWL | SWL1 | SWL2 | ||||||
Phenolic acids | Gallic acid | 342.04 | a z | 176.88 | b | 346.16 | a | 254.25 | b |
Protocatechuic acid | 43.02 | a | 17.35 | b | n.d. | 55.21 | a | ||
Chlorogenic acid | 1624.00 | a | 820.43 | b | 1470.84 | a | 1583.90 | a | |
p-Hydrobenzoic acid | n.d. | 84.44 | b | 151.41 | a | 136.80 | a | ||
Vanillic acid | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |||||
p-Coumaric acid | 208.15 | a | 50.95 | c | 110.53 | b | n.d. | ||
Ferulic acid | 198.47 | a | 39.22 | c | 78.94 | b | 64.94 | bc | |
Veratric acid | 190.54 | a | 45.46 | c | 87.44 | b | 87.61 | b | |
Benzoic acid | 1006.31 | a | 301.05 | c | 529.17 | b | 542.88 | b | |
t-Cinnamic acid | 5.16 | b | 5.11 | b | 9.22 | a | 9.11 | a | |
Total | 3617.68 | 1540.89 | 2783.61 | 2734.70 | |||||
Flavonols | Epigallocatechin | 870.92 | a | 484.09 | b | 823.99 | a | 934.25 | a |
Catechin | 381.06 | a | 241.71 | b | 395.73 | a | 475.51 | a | |
Epicatechin | 64.94 | c | 63.73 | c | 133.48 | b | 203.23 | a | |
Epigallocatechin gallate | 159.13 | a | 86.05 | b | 139.56 | a | 152.78 | a | |
Vanillin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |||||
Rutin | 278.24 | a | 60.85 | c | 115.14 | b | 114.22 | b | |
Catechin gallate | 367.73 | a | 104.30 | c | 197.29 | b | 182.16 | b | |
Quercetin | 1578.36 | bc | 1180.10 | c | 2038.07 | ab | 2263.71 | a | |
Naringin | n.d. | 21.61 | c | 47.49 | b | 110.38 | a | ||
Naringenin | 22.48 | c | 64.18 | b | 107.16 | a | 113.49 | a | |
Formononetin | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | |||||
Total | 3722.85 | 2306.61 | 3997.90 | 4549.73 |
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Nguyen, T.K.L.; Cho, K.M.; Lee, H.Y.; Cho, D.Y.; Lee, G.O.; Jang, S.N.; Lee, Y.; Kim, D.; Son, K.-H. Effects of White LED Lighting with Specific Shorter Blue and/or Green Wavelength on the Growth and Quality of Two Lettuce Cultivars in a Vertical Farming System. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2111. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112111
Nguyen TKL, Cho KM, Lee HY, Cho DY, Lee GO, Jang SN, Lee Y, Kim D, Son K-H. Effects of White LED Lighting with Specific Shorter Blue and/or Green Wavelength on the Growth and Quality of Two Lettuce Cultivars in a Vertical Farming System. Agronomy. 2021; 11(11):2111. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112111
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Thi Kim Loan, Kye Man Cho, Hee Yul Lee, Du Yong Cho, Ga Oun Lee, Seong Nam Jang, Yongki Lee, Daesup Kim, and Ki-Ho Son. 2021. "Effects of White LED Lighting with Specific Shorter Blue and/or Green Wavelength on the Growth and Quality of Two Lettuce Cultivars in a Vertical Farming System" Agronomy 11, no. 11: 2111. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112111