Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer and Synchrony of Nitrogen Mineralization for Maize Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Characteristics
2.2. Experiment 1: Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence Values of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer (BSFFF) and Commercial Organic Fertilizer (SAFI)
2.2.1. Source of Organic Fertilizers
2.2.2. Experimental Design and Data Collection
2.3. Experiment 2: Nitrogen Mineralization and Synchrony of N Release for Maize Uptake
2.3.1. Soil Sampling and Incubation
2.3.2. Mineral Nitrogen Release
2.3.3. Synchrony of Nitrogen Release and Nitrogen Uptake
2.4. Laboratory Analysis Methods
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Influence of BSFFF and SAFI Organic Fertilizer on Soil N Mineralization at Different Seasons
3.2. Variation of Soil Mineral N in Two Cropping Seasons in Plots Treated with BSFFF and SAFI Organic Fertilizer
3.3. The Effects of BSFFF and SAFI Organic Fertilizer on Maize N Uptake
3.4. Effects of BSFFF and SAFI Organic Fertilizer on the Degree of N Synchrony
3.5. Effects of BSFFF and SAFI Organic Fertilizer on Maize Grain Yield
3.6. Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence Values of BSFFF and SAFI Organic Fertilizer
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of BSFFF and SAFI Organic Fertilizer on the Degree of N Synchrony
4.2. Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence Values of BSFFF and SAFI Organic Fertilizer
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Soil | ||||||||||||||
Parameter | pH (1:2.5 water) | Bulk density | Mineral N | Total N | TOC | SOM | Available P (ppm) | Exchangeable cations (cmol kg−1) | Sand | Clay | Silt | Textural class | ||
(g cm−3) | (mg kg−1) | (%) | K | Ca | Mg | (%) | ||||||||
Test value | 5.9 | 1.35 | 1.81 | 0.04 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 9.7 | 2.07 | 0.91 | 0.07 | 63 | 20.3 | 16.7 | Sandy loam |
Organic Fertilizers | ||||||||||||||
Parameters | Moisture (%) | pH | EC (mS cm−1) | Ammonium | Nitrate | TOC | Total N | Total P | Total K | Total Ca | Total Mg | C/N ratio | ||
(mg kg−1) | (%) | |||||||||||||
BSFFF | 30.1 | 7.7 | 2.7 | 74.4 | 1.39 | 35.2 | 2.1 | 1.16 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 16.8 | ||
SAFI | 29.8 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 39.4 | 92.3 | 45.1 | 3.0 | 1.23 | 1.49 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 15.0 |
Treatments | pH | Ammonium | Nitrate | Bacteria | Fungi | Total N | Available P | Exchange Cations (cmol kg−1) | Ammonium/Nitrate Ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg kg−1) | CFU g−1 | (%) | (ppm) | K | Ca | Mg | |||||
Soil alone | 6.2 | 1.44 | 0.36 | 2.08 × 107 | 3.71 × 107 | 0.02 | 12.0 | 1.2 | 0.77 | 0.07 | 4.0 |
Soil + BSFFF | 8.2 | 402.2 | 7.5 | 2.78 × 108 | 8.59 × 107 | 0.56 | 693.6 | 3.2 | 0.58 | 0.24 | 53.6 |
Soil + SAFI | 5.5 | 171.5 | 197.2 | 6.69 × 107 | 5.05 × 107 | 0.09 | 331.6 | 9.1 | 0.73 | 0.09 | 0.87 |
Fertilizer | Rate (kg N ha−1) | Season 2019A (Short Rains) | Season 2019B (Long Rains) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grain Yield (t ha−1) | NFRV (%) | Grain Yield (t ha−1) | NFRV (%) | ||
BSFFF | 30 | 4.96 ± 0.21 a | 229.4 ± 28.4 a | 5.20 ± 0.32 ab | 131.8 ± 34.3 ab |
60 | 5.59 ± 0.40 a | 165.9 ± 32.7 ab | 5.95 ± 0.26 a | 151.0 ± 37.5 a | |
100 | 5.72 ± 0.32 a | 105.3 ± 17.7 ab | 6.15 ± 0.10 a | 110.6 ± 8.6 ab | |
SAFI | 30 | 4.49 ± 0.52 a | 178.6 ± 59.7 ab | 3.68 ± 0.04 c | 3.5 ± 1.3 c |
60 | 4.00 ± 0.44 a | 61.2 ± 21.9 b | 4.48 ± 0.27 bc | 30.4 ± 10.9 bc | |
100 | 4.51 ± 0.15 a | 52.1 ± 5.3 b | 5.12 ± 0.20 ab | 35.6 ± 6.5 bc | |
p value | * | * | *** | ** |
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Beesigamukama, D.; Mochoge, B.; Korir, N.; Musyoka, M.W.; Fiaboe, K.K.M.; Nakimbugwe, D.; Khamis, F.M.; Subramanian, S.; Dubois, T.; Ekesi, S.; et al. Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer and Synchrony of Nitrogen Mineralization for Maize Production. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091395
Beesigamukama D, Mochoge B, Korir N, Musyoka MW, Fiaboe KKM, Nakimbugwe D, Khamis FM, Subramanian S, Dubois T, Ekesi S, et al. Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer and Synchrony of Nitrogen Mineralization for Maize Production. Agronomy. 2020; 10(9):1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091395
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeesigamukama, Dennis, Benson Mochoge, Nicholas Korir, Martha W. Musyoka, Komi K. M. Fiaboe, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Fathiya M. Khamis, Sevgan Subramanian, Thomas Dubois, Sunday Ekesi, and et al. 2020. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer and Synchrony of Nitrogen Mineralization for Maize Production" Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1395. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091395