Optimization of Irrigation Scheduling for Maize in an Arid Oasis Based on Simulation–Optimization Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Data Collection
2.2. Soil Water Balance Simulation Model
2.3. Optimization Model for Irrigation Scheduling
2.4. Framework of Simulation–Optimization Model
2.5. Scenario Designs
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Model Calibration and Validation
3.2. Optimal Irrigation Schedulings under Status Quo
3.2.1. Optimal Irrigation Scheduling for Different Maize Units
3.2.2. Water Balance under Optimal Irrigation Scheduling
3.2.3. Spatial Distribution of Soil Water Consumption, Supply and Crop Yield
3.3. Optimal Irrigation Schedulings under Different Climate Years
3.3.1. Water Balance under Optimal Irrigation Scheduling
3.3.2. Spatial Distribution of Soil Water Consumption, Supply, and Crop Yield
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The simulation model can reflect the soil water movement of maize filed during the crop growth period in the study area well, with NRMSE less than 6.5% and R2 more than 0.76.
- (2)
- The Pareto solution curve after irrigation scheduling optimization showed a trend of inclining to the upper right, which shows that the yield objective is deteriorating (yield reduction) with the improvement of the water consumption objective (water consumption reduction). The irrigation schedule with the highest point of the Pareto curve (when the yield is the highest) can be selected as the recommended optimal irrigation schedule.
- (3)
- From 2001 to 2010, the irrigation water-saving potential of the study area was between 97 mm and 240 mm, and the average annual optimal yield of maize was over 7.3 t/ha, which indicated that the yield of maize could be obtained after reasonable irrigation scheduling optimization.
- (4)
- The optimal irrigation schedules varied greatly in different typical meteorological years, but the crop yield can be guaranteed between 7.3t/ha and 7.34t/ha. The simulation–optimization model of irrigation schedule established in this paper can provide a technical means for the formulation of irrigation schedules to ensure crop yield and save irrigation water consumption.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Type | Soil Texture | |
---|---|---|
0–80 cm | 80–140 cm | |
T1 | Silt loam | Silt loam |
T2 | Silt loam | Sandy loam |
T3 | Silt loam | Loam |
T4 | Loam | Loam |
Soil Type | θf (m3/m3) | θc (m3/m3) | θw (m3/m3) | a | b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 4.97 |
T2 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 4.77 |
T3 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 4.97 |
T4 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 4.51 |
Soil Type | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrigation Schedule | Date (DAP 1) | Depth (mm) | Date (DAP 1) | Depth (mm) | Date (DAP 1) | Depth (mm) | Date (DAP 1) | Depth (mm) |
First irrigation | 30 | 62 | 20 | 47 | 14 | 88 | 9 | 15 |
Second irrigation | 46 | 51 | 45 | 50 | 44 | 66 | 28 | 14 |
Third irrigation | 70 | 81 | 66 | 57 | 65 | 87 | 54 | 82 |
Fourth irrigation | 97 | 80 | 88 | 85 | 95 | 62 | 84 | 65 |
Climate Years | Soil Type | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrigation Schedule | Date (DAP 1) | Depth (mm) | Date (DAP 1) | Depth (mm) | Date (DAP 1) | Depth (mm) | Date (DAP 1) | Depth (mm) | |
Wet | First irrigation | 25 | 96 | 19 | 72 | 29 | 68 | 22 | 73 |
Second irrigation | 50 | 90 | 48 | 91 | 51 | 46 | 37 | 18 | |
Third irrigation | 80 | 49 | 78 | 97 | 81 | 91 | 57 | 59 | |
Fourth irrigation | 91 | 91 | 91 | 50 | 106 | 54 | 83 | 64 | |
Normal | First irrigation | 24 | 15 | 24 | 85 | 27 | 66 | 21 | 58 |
Second irrigation | 53 | 75 | 49 | 72 | 47 | 96 | 37 | 99 | |
Third irrigation | 76 | 98 | 75 | 98 | 71 | 58 | 61 | 32 | |
Fourth irrigation | 86 | 26 | 81 | 48 | 93 | 68 | 75 | 87 | |
Dry | First irrigation | 28 | 57 | 30 | 65 | 29 | 99 | 30 | 56 |
Second irrigation | 49 | 14 | 44 | 79 | 50 | 76 | 47 | 37 | |
Third irrigation | 71 | 99 | 56 | 97 | 79 | 72 | 63 | 96 | |
Fourth irrigation | 94 | 96 | 74 | 99 | 95 | 83 | 72 | 48 |
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Li, J.; Jiao, X.; Jiang, H.; Song, J.; Chen, L. Optimization of Irrigation Scheduling for Maize in an Arid Oasis Based on Simulation–Optimization Model. Agronomy 2020, 10, 935. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070935
Li J, Jiao X, Jiang H, Song J, Chen L. Optimization of Irrigation Scheduling for Maize in an Arid Oasis Based on Simulation–Optimization Model. Agronomy. 2020; 10(7):935. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070935
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jiang, Xiyun Jiao, Hongzhe Jiang, Jian Song, and Lina Chen. 2020. "Optimization of Irrigation Scheduling for Maize in an Arid Oasis Based on Simulation–Optimization Model" Agronomy 10, no. 7: 935. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070935