Chemical and Biological Properties of Sandy Loam Soil in Response to Long-Term Organic–Mineral Fertilisation in a Warm-Summer Humid Continental Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Location and Layout
2.2. Soil Samples
2.3. Chemical Analysis and Microbiological Evaluation
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Depth (cm) | Fertilisation | Mean | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
½ NPK | NPK | FYM NPK Mg Ca | FYM NPK | FYM NP | FYM NK | ||
pHKCl | |||||||
0–20 | 4.74 (0.17) | 4.44 (0.33) | 5.04 (0.23) | 4.61 (0.29) | 4.24 (0.28) | 4.39 (0.28) | 4.58 (0.35) |
20–40 | 4.96 (0.26) | 4.47 (0.38) | 5.21 (0.18) | 4.56 (0.27) | 4.34 (0.29) | 4.36 (0.26) | 4.65 (0.41) |
Mean | 4.85 (0.23) | 4.46 (0.30) | 5.13 (0.21) | 4.59 (0.25) | 4.28 (0.26) | 4.37 (0.24) | 4.61 (0.38) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 0.616; depth = 0.046; interaction = 0.019 | |||||||
Electrical Conductivity—EC (mS cm−1) | |||||||
0–20 | 0.183 (0.005) | 0.181 (0.005) | 0.273 (0.004) | 0.225 (0.003) | 0.230 (0.002) | 0.183 (0.005) | 0.212 (0.035) |
20–40 | 0.200 (0.002) | 0.262 (0.005) | 0.400 (0.007) | 0.284 (0.005) | 0.189 (0.005) | 0.223 (0.002) | 0.260 (0.068) |
Mean | 0.192 (0.010) | 0.221 (0.047) | 0.337 (0.073) | 0.254 (0.034) | 0.210 (0.023) | 0.203 (0.024) | 0.236 (0.062) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 0.012; depth = 0.013; interaction = 0.003 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 0.016; depth = 0.004; depth/fertilisation = 0.009; fertilisation/depth = 0.019 | |||||||
Organic Carbon—OC (g C kg−1 dm soil) | |||||||
0–20 | 0.46 (0.01) | 0.49 (0.02) | 0.63 (0.04) | 0.57 (0.01) | 0.56 (0.02) | 0.54 (0.01) | 0.54 (0.06) |
20–40 | 0.30 (0.02) | 0.28 (0.01) | 0.38 (0.02) | 0.33 (0.02) | 0.32 (0.02) | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.34 (0.04) |
Mean | 0.38 (0.09) | 0.39 (0.11) | 0.51 (0.14) | 0.45 (0.13) | 0.44 (0.13) | 0.43 (0.12) | 0.44 (0.12) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 0.017; depth = 0.590; interaction = 0.002 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 0.03; depth = 0.01; depth/fertilisation = 0.02; fertilisation/depth = 0.05 | |||||||
Phosphorus—Pa (mg P kg−1 dm soil) | |||||||
0–20 | 110.3 (4.8) | 129.3 (0.2) | 139.6 (2.3) | 158.7 (4.0) | 147.0 (1.2) | 99.6 (0.6) | 130.8 (21.0) |
20–40 | 105.4 (5.7) | 117.8 (2.7) | 125.9 (5.8) | 133.4 (1.4) | 126.9 (2.8) | 87.7 (2.3) | 116.2 (16.2) |
Mean | 107.9 (5.6) | 123.5 (6.4) | 132.8 (8.4) | 146.0 (13.8) | 137.0 (11.0) | 93.7 (6.6) | 123.5 (20.0) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 3055.881; depth = 2552.387; interaction = 102.699 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 7.1; depth = 1.3; depth/fertilisation = 3.2; fertilisation/depth = 7.9 | |||||||
Potassium—Ka (mg K kg−1 dm soil) | |||||||
0–20 | 128.8 (1.3) | 153.7 (0.4) | 204.0 (4.3) | 166.9 (1.7) | 87.5 (1.8) | 149.7 (0.5) | 148.4 (37.1) |
20–40 | 127.8 (1.5) | 136.9 (0.6) | 164.6 (1.0) | 163.0 (0.1) | 82.8 (0.3) | 136.9 (0.3) | 135.3 (28.5) |
Mean | 128.3 (1.3) | 145.3 (9.7) | 184.3 (22.9) | 165.0 (2.4) | 85.1 (2.9) | 143.3 (7.4) | 141.9 (33.0) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 4606.249; depth = 1030.315; interaction = 201.386 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 4.2; depth = 1.8; depth/fertilisation =4.5; fertilisation/depth = 6.7 | |||||||
Magnesium—Mga (mg Mg kg−1 dm soil) | |||||||
0–20 | 10.5 (0.76) | 12.4 (0.08) | 24.4 (0.03) | 20.5 (0.67) | 18.5 (1.58) | 14.3 (0.01) | 16.8 (4.99) |
20–40 | 7.7 (0.11) | 12.3 (0.09) | 17.8 (0.08) | 17.4 (0.02) | 15.7 (0.21) | 12.6 (0.21) | 13.9 (3.58) |
Mean | 9.1 (1.58) | 12.3 (0.08) | 21.1 (3.52) | 18.9 (1.73) | 17.1 (1.83) | 13.5 (0.89) | 15.3 (4.52) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 161.408; depth = 96.958; interaction = 9.381 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 1.0; depth = 0.3; depth/fertilisation = 0.7; fertilisation/depth = 1.3 | |||||||
Sulphur—S-SO4 (mg S-SO4 kg−1 dm soil) | |||||||
0–20 | 12.1 0.18 | 12.3 (0.06) | 14.1 (0.14) | 14.4 (0.52) | 12.5 (0.52) | 16.0 (0.60) | 13.6 (1.46) |
20–40 | 11.9 0.24 | 13.8 (0.56) | 14.9 (0.80) | 11.8 (0.21) | 12.9 (0.20) | 12.8 (0.69) | 13.0 (1.18) |
Mean | 12.0 0.22 | 13.1 (0.86) | 14.5 (0.67) | 13.1 (1.46) | 12.7 (0.42) | 14.4 (1.81) | 13.3 (1.34) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 7.400; depth = 3.845; interaction = 7.271 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 0.5; depth = 0.4; depth/fertilisation = 0.9; fertilisation/depth = 1.1 |
Depth (cm) | Fertilisation | Mean | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
½ NPK | NPK | FYM NPK Mg Ca | FYM NPK | FYM NP | FYM NK | ||
Total Bacteria—Bt (cfu × 106 g−1 dm soil) | |||||||
0–20 | 12.9 (0.91) | 5.7 (0.52) | 12.4 (1.35) | 6.4 (0.49) | 4.3 (0.41) | 5.0 (0.89) | 7.8 (3.65) |
20–40 | 6.3 (0.52) | 5.6 (1.29) | 10.0 (0.94) | 2.6 (0.47) | 5.0 (0.89) | 4.9 (0.72) | 5.7 (2.40) |
Mean | 9.6 (3.50) | 5.6 (0.94) | 11.2 (1.67) | 4.5 (2.02) | 4.6 (0.77) | 4.9 (0.79) | 6.8 (3.24) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 101.960; depth = 74.420; interaction = 23.293 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 0.7; depth = 0.4; depth/fertilisation = 1.1; fertilisation/depth = 1.4 | |||||||
Cellulolytic microorganisms—Bc (cfu × 105 g−1 dm soil) | |||||||
0–20 | 32.7 (3.06) | 24.3 (1.15) | 37.3 (1.15) | 18.0 (1.00) | 27.3 (2.52) | 18.7 (0.57) | 26.4 (7.37) |
20–40 | 33.7 (4.04) | 16.0 (2.00) | 36.0 (1.73) | 18.0 (0.29) | 21.7 (1.15) | 15.0 (1.00) | 23.4 (8.78) |
Mean | 33.2 (3.35) | 20.2 (4.79) | 36.7 (1.51) | 18.0 (0.66) | 24.5 (3.56) | 16.8 (2.14) | 24.9 (8.13) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 410.444; depth = 81.000; interaction = 19.133 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 2.3; depth =1.8; depth/fertilisation = 4.3; fertilisation/depth = 5.3 | |||||||
Filamentous fungi—Ff (cfu × 104 g−1 dm soil) | |||||||
0–20 | 31.7 (2.08) | 26.3 (4.04) | 34.0 (1.73) | 35.0 (0.90) | 30.0 (1.00) | 32.0 (1.00) | 31.5 (3.41) |
20–40 | 23.0 (1.73) | 24.7 (1.53) | 30.0 (0.58) | 28.0 (2.00) | 23.7 (1.15) | 22.3 (2.08) | 25.3 (3.25) |
Mean | 27.3 (5.05) | 25.5 (2.88) | 32.0 (2.32) | 31.5 (4.11) | 26.8 (3.60) | 27.2 (5.49) | 28.4 (4.54) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 43.311; depth = 348.444; interaction = 13.244 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 2.9; depth = 1.5; depth/fertilisation = ns; fertilisation/depth = ns | |||||||
Actinobacteria—Ac (cfu × 105 g−1 dm soil) | |||||||
0–20 | 25.0 (3.46) | 9.0 (1.00) | 32.7 (2.52) | 11.0 (1.73) | 15.0 (1.73) | 12.1 (0.12) | 17.5 (8.95) |
20–40 | 33.0 (2.65) | 22.6 (1.40) | 24.0 (2.65) | 8.3 (0.58) | 17.0 (1.00) | 19.3 (2.08) | 20.7 (7.84) |
Mean | 29.0 (5.18) | 15.8 (7.51) | 28.3 (5.28) | 9.7 (1.86) | 16.0 (1.67) | 15.7 (4.19) | 19.1 (8.45) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 365.304; depth = 95.062; interaction = 97.112 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 4.8; depth = 1.1; depth/fertilisation = 2.7; fertilisation/depth = 5.6 |
Depth (cm) | Fertilisation | Mean | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
½ NPK | NPK | FYM NPK Mg Ca | FYM NPK | FYM NP | FYM NK | ||
Alkaline Phosphatase—AlP (mM pNP kg−1 h−1) | |||||||
0–20 | 0.237 (0.004) | 0.256 (0.022) | 0.457 (0.007) | 0.329 (0.006) | 0.304 (0.012) | 0.309 (0.006) | 0.315 (0.075) |
20–40 | 0.168 (0.004) | 0.218 (0.004) | 0.339 (0.016) | 0.305 (0.012) | 0.333 (0.008) | 0.345 (0.006) | 0.285 (0.066) |
Mean | 0.203 (0.037) | 0.237 (0.025) | 0.398 (0.040) | 0.317 (0.016) | 0.319 (0.067) | 0.327 (0.014) | 0.300 (0.076) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 0.043; depth = 0.040; interaction = 0.003 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 0.018; depth = 0.006; depth/fertilisation = 0.015; fertilisation/depth = 0.024 | |||||||
Acid Phosphatase—AcP (mM pNP kg−1 h−1) | |||||||
0–20 | 0.972 (0.007) | 0.949 (0.009) | 1.252 (0.053) | 1.040 (0.018) | 1.079 (0.019) | 1.071 (0.023) | 1.060 (0.104) |
20–40 | 0.812 (0.036) | 0.824 (0.017) | 0.978 (0.015) | 0.993 (0.011) | 0.977 (0.035) | 0.965 (0.040) | 0.925 (0.082) |
Mean | 0.892 (0.095) | 0.887 (0.073) | 1.115 (0.161) | 1.017 (0.029) | 1.028 (0.063) | 1.018 (0.069) | 0.993 (0.115) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 0.031; depth = 0.110; interaction = 0.006 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 0.103; depth = 0.022; depth/fertilisation = 0.055; fertilisation/depth = 0.121 | |||||||
Arylsulphatase—ArS (μM pNP g−1 h−1) | |||||||
0–20 | 0.113 (0.018) | 0.183 (0.027) | 0.208 (0.035) | 0.194 (0.013) | 0.232 (0.014) | 0.225 (0.008) | 0.193 (0.045) |
20–40 | 0.060 (0.003) | 0.070 (0.008) | 0.239 (0.010) | 0.218 (0.006) | 0.208 (0.002) | 0.169 (0.004) | 0.161 (0.073) |
Mean | 0.087 (0.032) | 0.127 (0.063) | 0.224 (0.029) | 0.206 (0.016) | 0.220 (0.016) | 0.197 (0.029) | 0.177 (0,062) |
Mean square: fertilisation = 0.026; depth = 0.012; interaction = 0.006 | |||||||
LSD: fertilisation = 0.024; depth = 0.009; depth/fertilisation = 0.023; fertilisation/depth = 0.034 |
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Jaskulska, I.; Lemanowicz, J.; Breza-Boruta, B.; Siwik-Ziomek, A.; Radziemska, M.; Dariusz, J.; Białek, M. Chemical and Biological Properties of Sandy Loam Soil in Response to Long-Term Organic–Mineral Fertilisation in a Warm-Summer Humid Continental Climate. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1610. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101610
Jaskulska I, Lemanowicz J, Breza-Boruta B, Siwik-Ziomek A, Radziemska M, Dariusz J, Białek M. Chemical and Biological Properties of Sandy Loam Soil in Response to Long-Term Organic–Mineral Fertilisation in a Warm-Summer Humid Continental Climate. Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1610. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101610
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaskulska, Iwona, Joanna Lemanowicz, Barbara Breza-Boruta, Anetta Siwik-Ziomek, Maja Radziemska, Jaskulski Dariusz, and Mateusz Białek. 2020. "Chemical and Biological Properties of Sandy Loam Soil in Response to Long-Term Organic–Mineral Fertilisation in a Warm-Summer Humid Continental Climate" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1610. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101610