Effectiveness of Humic Substances and Phenolic Compounds in Regulating Plant-Biological Functionality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Extraction and Characterization of Humic Substances and Soluble Soil Phenols
2.1.1. KOH Extract, (Humic Substances, HS), and Water Extract (Soluble Phenols, SWSP)
2.1.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
2.1.3. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
2.1.4. Fatty Acids, Organic Acids, and Carbohydrates
2.2. In Vitro Detection of Biological Activity of Humic Substances and Water Soluble Soil Phenols
2.2.1. Callus Growth, Antioxidant Compounds and Antioxidant Activity
2.2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Humic Substances and Soil Water Soluble Phenolic Fraction
3.2. Callus Growth and Metabolism
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class of Compounds | HSs | SWSP | |
---|---|---|---|
Phenolic acids | Vanillic acid | 0.6 b* | 4.12 a |
Benzoic acid | 5.1 b | 21.5 a | |
Cinnamic acid | 0.2 a | 0.06 b | |
Salicylic acid | 0.6 b | 11.10 a | |
Syringic acid | 0.6 b | 53.64 a | |
Ferulic acid | 0.4 b | 28.3 a | |
o-Coumaric acid | Nd † | 0.30 | |
m-Coumaric acid | 0.2 b | 0.65 a | |
p-Coumaric acid | 0.2 b | 2.07 a | |
Protocatechuic acid | 0.4 b | 11.5 a | |
Caffeic acid | 0.4 | Nd | |
p-Hydroxibenzoic acid | 0.9 b | 8.4 a | |
Gentisisc acid | Nd | Nd | |
Aldehydes | Vanillin | 0.4 b | 8.4 a |
Syringaldehyde | Nd | 4.1 a | |
Carbohydrates | Arabinose | Nd | 0.11 |
Glucose | 0.02 b | 0.25 a | |
Galactose | 0.03 b | 0.41 a | |
Glucuronic acid | 0.01 b | 0.14 a | |
Mannose | 0.03 b | 0.37 a | |
Galacturonic acid | 0.01 b | 0.06 a | |
Total sugars | 0.1 b | 1.34 a | |
Organic Acids | Citric | Nd | Nd |
Fumaric | Nd | Nd | |
Malic | Nd | Nd | |
Succinic | Nd | Nd | |
Oxalic | Nd | Nd | |
Tartaric | 77 a | 33 b | |
Fatty Acids | Myristic | 0.07 a | 0.02 b |
Palmitoleic | 0.08 a | 0.02 b | |
Palmitic | 1.07 a | 0.34 b | |
Linoleic | 0.30 a | 0.2 a | |
Oleic | 2.73 a | 1.38 b | |
Stearic | 0.36 a | 0.13 b | |
Arachic | 0.01 a | 0.03 a | |
Total lipids | 15.2 a | 0.80 b |
Treatments | Biomass (g f.w−1) |
---|---|
Control | 2.55 ± 0.6 c* |
2,4-D+BAP | 5.10 ± 0.2 a |
HSs | 4.30 ± 0.3 b |
SWSP | 2.64 ± 0.7 c |
Treatments | Total Carbohydrates | Sucrose | Glucose | Fructose |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 20 ± 1.0 a* | 0.33 ± 0.03 c | 4.14 ± 0.3 b | 10.90 ± 2 a |
2,4-D+BAP | 14 ± 3 b | 0.33 ± 0.02 c | 1.46 ± 0.4 d | 2.95 ± 0.5 d |
HSs | 16 ± 2 b | 0.48 ± 0.06 b | 2.50 ± 0.5 c | 3.55 ± 0.7 d |
SWSP | 23 ± 2 a | 5.25 ± 2.00 a | 4.70 ± 0.2 a | 8.80 ± 3 a |
Treatments | Prot | TP | Vit. C | Vit. E |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1.24 ± 0.3 c* | 1.54 ± 0.1 b | 6.2 ± 2 c | 2.9 ± 1 d |
2,4-D+BAP | 1.87 ± 0.2 a | 1.13 ± 0.2 c | 11.4 ± 2 b | 12 ± 3 b |
HSs | 2.11 ± 0.2 a | 1.19 ± 0.3 c | 16.5 ± 2 a | 20 ± 2 a |
SWSP | 0.99 ± 0.3 c | 2.99 ± 0.2 a | 6.1 ± 1 c | 6.8 ± 2 c |
T Carb | Sucr | Glu | Fru | Prot | TP | Vit. C | Vit. E | DPPH | ORAC | ABTS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomass | −0.674 * | −0.371 | −0.838 *** | −0.685 * | 0.887 *** | −0.574 * | 0.772 ** | 0.732 ** | −0.744 ** | −0.921 *** | −0.815 *** |
T Carb | 0.733 ** | 0.953 *** | 0.823 *** | −0.585 * | 0.875 *** | −0.514 * | −0.451 | 0.875 *** | 0.885 *** | 0.933 *** | |
Sucr | 0.632 * | 0.437 | −0.501 | 0.927 *** | −0.413 | −0.226 | 0.873 *** | 0.603 * | 0.563 * | ||
Glu | 0.865 *** | −0.703 ** | 0.814 *** | −0.610 * | −0.570 * | 0.883 *** | 0.971 *** | 0.990 *** | |||
Fru | −0.577 * | 0.568 * | −0.646 * | −0.691 ** | 0.636 * | 0.864 *** | 0.889 *** | ||||
Prot | −0.656 * | 0.945 *** | 0.867 *** | −0.771 ** | −0.836 *** | −0.626 * | |||||
TP | −0.541 * | −0.396 | 0.965 *** | 0.777 ** | 0.740 ** | ||||||
Vit. C | 0.967 *** | −0.635 * | −0.762 ** | −0.542 * | |||||||
Vit. E | −0.497 | −0.718 ** | −0.524 | ||||||||
DPPH | 0.882 *** | 0.818 *** | |||||||||
ORAC | 0.949 *** |
Treatments | DPPH | ORAC | ABTS |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 100 b* | 1890 ± 7 b | 21 ± 2 a |
2,4-D+BAP | 67 d | 1130 ± 9 d | 5.4 ± 2 c |
HS | 80 c | 1319 ± 12 c | 12.5 ± 3 b |
WP | 150 a | 1999 ± 6 a | 22 ± 2 a |
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Muscolo, A.; Pizzeghello, D.; Francioso, O.; Sanchez Cortes, S.; Nardi, S. Effectiveness of Humic Substances and Phenolic Compounds in Regulating Plant-Biological Functionality. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101553
Muscolo A, Pizzeghello D, Francioso O, Sanchez Cortes S, Nardi S. Effectiveness of Humic Substances and Phenolic Compounds in Regulating Plant-Biological Functionality. Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101553
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuscolo, Adele, Diego Pizzeghello, Ornella Francioso, Santiago Sanchez Cortes, and Serenella Nardi. 2020. "Effectiveness of Humic Substances and Phenolic Compounds in Regulating Plant-Biological Functionality" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101553