Balancing Forage Production, Seed Yield, and Pest Management in the Perennial Sunflower Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Locations
2.2. Plant Description and Experimental Design
- Control: untrimmed.
- Mid-cut: stems trimmed above the first visible node, about 5 cm above ground level.
- Low-cut: stems trimmed at ground level.
- Low-cuttwice: trimmed at ground level on 15 November 2017 for the first time and on 9 February 2018 for the second time.
2.3. Forage and Seed Yield Determination
- Stage 1: Vegetative rosette.
- Stage 2: Bolting (stems growing in height from the rosette, without visible reproductive structures).
- Stage 3: Pre-flowering (visible buds, without visible ray florets).
- Stage 4: Anthesis (first capitulum with ray florets fully enlarged).
- Stage 5: Full bloom (multiple capitula in anthesis).
- Stage 6: Capitula mostly green with loss or withering of corollas and visible seeds.
- Stage 7: Mature capitula with brown seeds.
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of Silflower as a Dual-Purpose Crop
3.1.1. Biomass Production and Forage Quality
3.1.2. Yield Components and Seed-Yield
3.1.3. Harvest Effects on Phenology, Plant Architecture and Insect Damage
Plant Phenology
Plant Architecture
Response to Insecticide Application
4. Discussion
4.1. Can Silflower Be Used as a Fodder?
4.2. Can Silflower Be Used as a Dual-Purpose Crop?
4.3. Do Delays in Crop Phenology Reduce Insect Damage?
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control | Mid-Cut | Low-Cut | Low-Cuttwice | F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomass Yield (kg dw plant−1) | ------ | 0.57 ± 0.06 | 0.51 ± 0.03 | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.29 NS |
------ | 0.17 ± 0.02 a | 0.18 ± 0.02 a | 0.17 ± 0.02 a | 0.32 NS | |
Heads Per Plant | 114.28 ± 9.15 a | 17.85 ± 6.14 b | 13.04 ± 4.57 b | 0 c | 45.75 *** |
316.64 ± 19.08 a | 207.45 ± 20.01 b | 174.65 ± 21.71 b | 0 c | 13.92 *** | |
Seeds Per Head | 30.77 ± 2.28 | 26.00 ± 2.28 | 21.61 ± 2.94 | ---- | 2.51 NS |
48.23 ± 2.92 | 46.24 ± 2.35 | 46.63 ± 2.23 | ---- | 0.17 NS | |
Seed Weight (100 seeds; g) | 2.01 ± 0.16 | 2.14 ± 0.16 | 2.40 ± 0.21 | ---- | 1.14 NS |
1.86 ± 0.09 | 2.07 ± 0.11 | 2.18 ± 0.11 | ---- | 2.73 NS | |
Potential Seed Yield (g plant−1) | 76.30 ± 4.32 a | 12.42 ± 5.26 b | 9.18 ± 4.82 b | ---- | 62.77 *** |
279.36 ± 24.74 a | 188.98 ± 24.17 b | 198.44 ± 31.60 b | ----- | 4.11 * |
Forage | Silage | ||
---|---|---|---|
Kansas | Patagonia | Kansas | |
Crude Protein, %DM | 21.08 ± 2.7 | 27.7 ± 0.71 | 9.63 ± 0.63 |
ADF, %DM | 18.97 ± 1.6 | 14.6 ± 0.79 | 42.28 ± 1.37 |
aNDF, %DM | 27.03 ± 2.87 | 17.9 ± 0.71 | 54.53 ± 1.69 |
ND-ICP, %DM | 1.44 ± 0.16 | 4.4 ± 0.12 | 1.44 ± 0.09 |
NFC, %DM | 41.34 ± 3.09 | 45.4 ± 0.65 | 23.58 ± 1.15 |
RFV | 257.98 ± 31.56 | 406 ± 20.5 | 95.69 ± 4.79 |
TDN-1x, %DM | 74.13 ± 1.27 | 77.5 ± 0.62 | 55.93 ± 1.07 |
Nel-3x, Mcal/cwt | 77.17 ± 1.41 | 81.0 ± 0.68 | 56.94 ± 4.79 |
Neg, Mcal/cwt | 41.80 ± 1.99 | 49.6 ± 0.71 | 25.23 ± 0.95 |
Nem, Mcal/cwt | 68.72 ± 2.23 | 77.5 ± 0.82 | 50.52 ± 1.03 |
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Vilela, A.E.; González-Paleo, L.; Ravetta, D.A.; Murrell, E.G.; Van Tassel, D.L. Balancing Forage Production, Seed Yield, and Pest Management in the Perennial Sunflower Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae). Agronomy 2020, 10, 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101471
Vilela AE, González-Paleo L, Ravetta DA, Murrell EG, Van Tassel DL. Balancing Forage Production, Seed Yield, and Pest Management in the Perennial Sunflower Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae). Agronomy. 2020; 10(10):1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101471
Chicago/Turabian StyleVilela, Alejandra E., Luciana González-Paleo, Damián A. Ravetta, Ebony G. Murrell, and David L. Van Tassel. 2020. "Balancing Forage Production, Seed Yield, and Pest Management in the Perennial Sunflower Silphium integrifolium (Asteraceae)" Agronomy 10, no. 10: 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101471