Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin is a high performance adhesive, but has not been widely developed due to its slow curing rate and high curing temperature. To accelerate the curing rate and to lower the curing temperature of PF resin, four types of metal-mediated catalysts were employed in the synthesis of PF resin; namely, barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)
2), sodium carbonate (Na
2CO
3), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), and zinc acetate ((CH
3COO)
2Zn). The cure-acceleration effects of these catalysts on the properties of PF resins were measured, and the chemical structures of the PF resins accelerated with the catalysts were investigated by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and quantitative liquid carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (
13C NMR). The results showed that the accelerated efficiency of these catalysts to PF resin could be ordered in the following sequence: Na
2CO
3 > (CH
3COO)
2Zn > Ba(OH)
2 > LiOH. The catalysts (CH
3COO)
2Zn and Na
2CO
3 increased the reaction activity of the phenol
ortho position and the condensation reaction of
ortho methylol. The accelerating mechanism of (CH
3COO)
2Zn on PF resin is probably different from that of Na
2CO
3, which can be confirmed by the differences in the differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curve and thermogravimetric (TG) data. Compared to the Na
2CO
3-accelerated PF resin, the (CH
3COO)
2Zn-accelerated PF resin showed different peaks in the DTG curve and higher weight residues. In the synthesis process, the catalyst (CH
3COO)
2Zn may form chelating compounds (containing a metal-ligand bond), which can promote the linkage of formaldehyde to the phenolic hydroxyl
ortho position.
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