Double-Layered Films Based on Furcellaran, Chitosan, and Gelatin Hydrolysates Enriched with AgNPs in Yerba Mate Extract, Montmorillonite, and Curcumin with Rosemary Essential Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Curcumin Extract with Rosemary Essential Oil
2.3. Preparation of MMT Solution
2.4. Preparation of Plant Extracts
2.5. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
2.6. Particle Size and Zeta Potential
2.7. Double-Layered Film Preparation
2.8. UV-Vis Spectroscopy Analysis
2.9. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
2.10. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.11. Color Parameter
2.12. Thickness
2.13. Water Content and Solubility
2.14. Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR)
2.15. Contact Angle Determination
2.16. Thermal Properties
2.17. Mechanical Properties
2.18. Antioxidant Activity
2.19. Antimicrobial Activity
2.20. pH-Responsive Color Changes
2.21. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preparation and Characterization of AgNPs in Yerba Extract
3.2. Preparation and Characterization of Active Double-Layered Films
3.3. Structural Characterization of Active Double-Layered Films
3.4. Color Parameters of Active Double-Layered Films
3.5. Water Content, Solubility, WVTR, and WCA of Active Double-Layered Films
3.6. Thermal Properties of Active Double-Layered Films
3.7. Mechanical Properties of Active Double-Layered Films
3.8. Antioxidant Activity
3.9. Antimicrobial Activity
3.10. pH-Responsive Color Change
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | FUR/CHIT+HGEL | Composite No. 1 | Composite No. 2 | Composite No. 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
L* | 85.62 d ± 0.73 | 78.12 c ± 0.58 | 74.49 b ± 0.32 | 73.39 a ± 0.23 |
a* | −0.82 a ± 0.16 | 3.90 b ± 0.27 | 8.59 c ± 0.43 | 9.16 d ± 0.37 |
b* | 29.11 a ± 2.35 | 76.28 b ± 0.49 | 80.20 c ± 0.64 | 79.37 c ± 0.41 |
ΔE | - | 48.00 | 53.13 | 52.68 |
Appearance |
Properties * | FUR/CHIT+HGEL | Composite No. 1 | Composite No. 2 | Composite No. 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thickness (mm) | 0.088 a ± 0.004 | 0.110 b ± 0.006 | 0.120 c ± 0.006 | 0.132 d ± 0.007 |
Water content (%) | 22.42 b ± 3.08 | 18.94 a ± 1.79 | 16.64 a ± 1.50 | 18.54 a ± 0.42 |
Solubility (%) | 67.74 a ± 1.25 | 61.07 a ± 1.53 | 59.41 a ± 9.35 | 62.99 a ± 3.79 |
WVTR (g m−2 d−1) | 739.77 b ± 10.65 | 724.05 a ± 3.73 | 741.01 b ± 10.81 | 735.37 ab ± 4.50 |
WCA | CHIT+HGEL | CHIT+HGEL | CHIT+HGEL | CHIT+HGEL |
92.14 c ± 1.43 | 79.30 a ± 1.34 | 80.29 ab ± 1.96 | 80.95 b ± 0.70 | |
FUR | FUR+MMT+AgNPs+CUR | FUR+MMT+AgNPs+CUR | FUR+MMT+AgNPs+CUR | |
90.08 b ± 0.48 | 24.40 a ± 1.40 | 25.38 a ± 1.17 | 24.48 a ± 1.23 |
Properties * | FUR/CHIT+HGEL | Composite No. 1 | Composite No. 2 | Composite No. 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tm (°C) | 160.7 b ± 6.3 | 156.9 ab ± 2.8 | 151.1 a ± 3.9 | 164.1 b ± 1.3 |
ΔH (J/g) | 221.43 bc ± 3.09 | 228.57 c ± 15.24 | 201.10 b ± 14.36 | 109.27 a ± 15.62 |
Max breaking load (N) | 14.75 b ± 1.04 | 6.68 a ± 1.42 | 6.51 a ± 1.23 | 5.37 a ± 0.98 |
Tensile strength (kN/m) | 0.97 b ± 0.07 | 0.45 a ± 0.09 | 0.43 a ± 0.08 | 0.36 a ± 0.07 |
Elongation at break (%) | 16.24 a ± 1.83 | 17.70 a ± 3.26 | 21.10 b ± 4.05 | 15.45 a ± 0.98 |
Modulus of elasticity (MPa) | 209.90 b ± 27.49 | 63.59 a ± 14.10 | 77.55 a ± 12.06 | 57.04 a ± 13.58 |
Microbial Strain | Sample | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
FUR/CHIT+HGEL | Composite No.1 | Composite No.2 | Composite No.3 | |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 | no antimicrobial effect | moderate antimicrobial effect and bacterial growth only on the film border | good antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect alteration of film and bacterial growth |
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 | no antimicrobial effect | moderate antimicrobial effect and bacterial growth only on the film border | good antimicrobial effect—no bacterial growth and a narrow inhibition zone | no antimicrobial effect alteration of film and bacterial growth |
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 | no antimicrobial effect | partial effect—no microbial growth in the center of the sample | moderate antimicrobial effect—few colonies grew over the sample | no antimicrobial effect |
Salmonella enterica ATCC BAA664 | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect | moderate antimicrobial effect—few colonies grew over the sample | no antimicrobial effect |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect | some antimicrobial effect—lower bacterial growth at the center of the film | no antimicrobial effect; alteration of growth and film |
Candida krusei ATCC 6258 | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect |
Candida albicans ATCC 90028 | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect |
Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect |
Aspergillus flavus ATCC 204304 | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect | no antimicrobial effect |
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Jamróz, E.; Janik, M.; Marangoni, L., Jr.; Vieira, R.P.; Tkaczewska, J.; Kawecka, A.; Szuwarzyński, M.; Mazur, T.; Jasińska, J.M.; Krzyściak, P.; et al. Double-Layered Films Based on Furcellaran, Chitosan, and Gelatin Hydrolysates Enriched with AgNPs in Yerba Mate Extract, Montmorillonite, and Curcumin with Rosemary Essential Oil. Polymers 2022, 14, 4283. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14204283
Jamróz E, Janik M, Marangoni L Jr., Vieira RP, Tkaczewska J, Kawecka A, Szuwarzyński M, Mazur T, Jasińska JM, Krzyściak P, et al. Double-Layered Films Based on Furcellaran, Chitosan, and Gelatin Hydrolysates Enriched with AgNPs in Yerba Mate Extract, Montmorillonite, and Curcumin with Rosemary Essential Oil. Polymers. 2022; 14(20):4283. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14204283
Chicago/Turabian StyleJamróz, Ewelina, Magdalena Janik, Luís Marangoni, Jr., Roniérik Pioli Vieira, Joanna Tkaczewska, Agnieszka Kawecka, Michał Szuwarzyński, Tomasz Mazur, Joanna Maria Jasińska, Paweł Krzyściak, and et al. 2022. "Double-Layered Films Based on Furcellaran, Chitosan, and Gelatin Hydrolysates Enriched with AgNPs in Yerba Mate Extract, Montmorillonite, and Curcumin with Rosemary Essential Oil" Polymers 14, no. 20: 4283. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14204283