Advances in the Utilization of Tea Polysaccharides: Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and Health Benefits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. TPS Extraction
2.1. Hot Water Extraction
2.2. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
2.3. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
2.4. Enzymolysis Extraction
2.5. Other Extraction Methods
3. Preliminary Physicochemical Properties of TPS
3.1. Monosaccharide Composition
3.2. Molecular Weight (Mw)
3.3. Solubility
3.4. Viscosity
3.5. Emulsifying and Stability
4. In Vitro Bioactivity of TPS
4.1. Glycosidase Inhibition
4.2. Free Radical Scavenging
4.3. Antitumor Activity
4.4. Bacteriostatic Activity
5. In Vivo Bioactivity of TPS
5.1. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity
5.2. Antitumor Activity
5.3. Immunostimulatory Activity
5.4. Gut Microbiota-Modulating Activity
5.5. Glucose and Lipid Metabolism-Regulating Activity
5.6. Others
6. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Extraction Method | TPS Origin | Extraction Step | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
Hot water extraction | Green tea leaves and flowers | Pre-extraction with 95% ethanol at 40 °C for 2 h, repeated three times; a water bath extraction at 60 °C for 2 h, repeated 3 times | [14] |
Fuan Baicha and Pingyang Tezaocha | Extraction at 80 °C for 1.5 h, repeated two times | [15] | |
Fuzhuan tea | 2 h extraction time, 1:20 solid–liquid ratio, and 95 °C extraction temperature; repeated three times | [10] | |
White tea | 8 min extraction time, 54.1 °C extraction temperature, 12.48 L/g material–water ratio; repeated four times | [16] | |
Green tea | Heating in a water bath at 90 °C for 2 h with continuous stirring | [17] | |
Green tea | Pre-extraction with absolute ethanol for 24 h and extraction with deionized water at 60 °C for 90 min | [18] | |
Chin brick tea | 80% ethanol pretreatment and continuous stirring with distilled water (1:20, w/v) at 90 °C for 2 h | [19] | |
Liupao tea | 80% ethanol pretreatment for 24 h and extraction with deionized water at 70 °C for 2 h; repeated three times | [20] | |
Tea flowers | Extraction at 90 °C for 1 h (2 times) | [21] | |
Green tea | 80% ethanol pretreatment at 70 °C for 1.5 h, extraction with ethanol at 40 °C for 3 h | [22] | |
Green tea | Pretreatment with two times volume of 95% ethanol at 50 °C for 4 h, 1:8 solid–liquid ratio, and extraction with stirring at 50 °C for 120 min | [23] | |
Green tea | Pretreatment with 95% alcohol (1:5, w/v) for 2 h, extraction in hot water (1:10, w/v) at 80 °C; repeated 3 times for 1 h each time | [24] | |
Green tea | 95% ethanol (1:6, w/v) pretreatment at 60 °C for 4 h and extraction with distilled water (1:10, w/v) at 80 °C for 4 h; repeated 3 times | [25] | |
Keemun black tea | Pretreatment with 95% ethanol (1:6, w/v) at 80 °C for 2 h and immersed in distilled water (1:10, w/v) at 80 °C for 4 h; repeated four times | [26] | |
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction | Low-grade green tea | 80 °C extraction temperature, 60 min extraction time, 400 W ultrasonic power, and 22 mL:g liquid–solid ratio | [27] |
Coarse tea | Pretreatment in an ultrasonic bath (50 °C, 200 W) for 30 min followed by extraction in a water bath for 90 min; repeated three times | [23] | |
Green tea flowers | Ultrasonic power (25 °C, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 W) extraction for 5 min; repeated 2 times | [21] | |
Yellow tea | 95% ethanol pretreatment for 6 h, 90 °C water bath extraction for 55 min (repeated twice), and sonication (20 kHz, 500 W) for 55 min | [21] | |
Microwave-assisted extraction | Green, black, and oolong teas | 1:20 solid/liquid ratio, 200–230 °C extraction temperature, and 2 min extraction time | [28] |
Green tea flowers | Extraction at controlled microwave power for 5 min followed by extraction with distilled water for 5 min at the same microwave power | [21] | |
Green tea | Extraction in a 600 W microwave apparatus for 30 min, followed by stirring in a water bath for 90 min; repeated three times | [29] | |
Enzymolysis extraction | Green tea | Extraction at 100 °C for 3 h and aqueous extraction with pectinase and tannase at 35 °C for 2 h | [30] |
Green tea | Extraction with complex enzymes (cellulase:pectinase:glucanase = 1:1:2) at 50 °C for 30 min, boiling at 90 °C for 10 min, and then extraction in a water bath at 50 °C for 80 min | [29] | |
Green tea leaves and flowers | 95% ethanol pretreatment at 40 °C for 2 h (repeated 3 times), treatment with 0.5% (m/v) pentosan complex enzyme solution (45 °C, pH 5.5) for 2 h, and extraction in 45 °C water bath for 2 h | [14] | |
Green tea | Heating in a water bath at 90 °C for 2–4 h, repeated twice; incubating with 0.5% pectinase (260,001 PGU/mL, v/w) at 40 °C for 30 min; and heating at 90 °C for 1 h to inactivate the enzyme | [31] | |
Hydro/solvothermal extraction | Chinese tea Zhongcha 108 | Extraction at 120 °C for 1 h | [1] |
Alkali-assisted extraction | Fuzhuan brick tea | Extraction with 0.1 M NaOH solution (pH = 10.0) at 60 °C, repeated 3 times | [32] |
Supercritical fluid extraction | Green tea | 380 μm particle size, 20% absolute ethanol, 35 MPa extraction pressure, 45 °C extraction temperature, and 2 h extraction time | [33] |
Anionic reverse micelle extraction | Green tea | pH = 4.6, 0.06 M guanidine hydrochloride, 7% methanol, and 0.05 M NaCl; forward extraction | [34] |
TPS Origin | Monosaccharide Composition and Molar Ratio | Ref |
---|---|---|
Green tea | WE, Rha: Ara: Gal: Glc: Xyl: Man: Fru: GalA = 4.11: 9.96: 28.05: 29.22: 3.46: 4.62: 4.14: 16.43, respectively; UAE, 2.27: 9.22: 27.54: 36.05: 5.38: 4.75: 6.72: 8.07, respectively; MAE, 4.03: 11.84: 27.06: 31.09: 3.64: 6.17: 6.84: 9.33, respectively; EE, 5.40: 8.86: 12.32: 44.24: 3.15: 4.38: 11.78: 9.87, respectively | [21] |
Green tea | Ara: Xyl: Fuc: Glc: Gal = 6.49: 2.60: 6.53: 43.27: 41.11, respectively; | [46] |
Natural and artificial selenium-enriched green teas | ASe-TPS2, Rha: Ara: Glc: Xyl: GalA = 1.93: 7.05: 1.00: 1.05: 26.12, respectively; NSe-TPS2, Ara: Gal: GluA: GalA = 0.59: 1.00: 0.49: 1.24, respectively | [47] |
Selenium-enriched green tea | Se-TPS1, Fuc: Rha: Ara: Gal: Glc: GlcA: GalA = 0.07: 0.21: 0.58: 1.00: 0.47: 0.17: 1.75, respectively; Se-TPS2, Fuc: Rha: Ara: Gal: Glc: GlcA: GalA = 0.07: 0.28: 0.59: 1.00: 0.10: 0.49: 1.24, respectively; Se-TPS3, Fuc: Rha: Ara: Gal: Glc: GlcA: GalA = 0.07: 0.38: 0.72: 1.00: 0.30: 0.19: 0.88, respectively | [48] |
Fuzhuan brick tea | FBTPS, Rib: Man: Ara: Rha: Gal: Glc: GlcA: GalA = 1.69: 3.66: 11.83: 12.11: 19.15: 21.97: 1.41: 28.17, respectively | [52] |
Fuzhuan brick tea | FBTPS-3, Man: Rha: GalA: Gal: Ara = 8.7: 15.5: 42.2: 19.7: 13.9, respectively | [53] |
Green tea | GTP consisting only of Glc | [54] |
Yingshan Cloud Mist green tea | GTPS, Rha: Ara: Xyl: Man: Glc: and Gal = 11.4: 26.1: 1.9: 3.0: 30.7: 26.8, respectively | [55] |
Selenium-enriched green tea | SeTPS-1, Glc: Gal = 80.1: 2.3; SeTPS-2, Glc: Gal = 80.1: 2.3, respectively | [56] |
Yellow tea | YTPS-N, Man: Rib: Rha: GlcA: GalA: Glc: Gal: Ara = 1.65: 1: 10.95: 1.06: 2.03: 5.49: 3.50: 4.02; YTPS-U, 1.72: 1: 11.05: 1.09: 2.13: 5.36: 3.62: 4.17, respectively | [26] |
Large-leaf yellow tea | LYTP, Ara: Gal: GalA: Rha: Glc: GlcA: Man | [57] |
Bioactivity | TPS Origin | Regulatory Mechanism | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity | Ziyang green tea | Ameliorating high-fructose diet-induced pancreatic β-cell damage and inhibiting hepatic steatosis and oxidative damage | [112] |
Ziyang green tea | Mediating antioxidant and free radical scavenging, thereby effectively preventing liver damage | [113] | |
Green tea | Promoting superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in blood, liver, and heart | [114] | |
Huangshan Maofeng | Inhibiting lipid peroxidation while promoting the body’s antioxidant activity to protect the liver | [23] | |
Longjing 43 tea flower | Inhibiting the elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, reducing the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and simultaneously enhancing the activities of SOD and GPx to reduce liver damage | [98] | |
Keemun black tea | Improving the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system to protect the liver, thereby effectively alleviating the production of free radicals in the body and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in liver tissue | [24] | |
Antitumor activity | Dark brick tea | Inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and migration and inducing cancer cell apoptosis | [103] |
Ziyang green tea | Inhibiting the proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells (U-2 OS) | [104] | |
Green tea | Targeting lysosomes and activated caspase-9/-3 via the lysosome-mitochondrial pathway to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells (CT26) | [105] | |
Tea flowers | Inhibiting the proliferative activity of human gastric cancer cells (BGC-823) | [98] | |
Green tea | Increasing the levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx while inhibiting lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels from attenuating oxidative damage and inflammatory responses | [115] | |
Ziyang green tea | Inhibiting the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and the growth of tumor volume and tumor weight in vivo | [104] | |
Green and black teas | Inhibiting pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and oxidative tissue damage, resulting in higher anti-inflammatory effects and resistance to murine sepsis | [116] | |
Oolong tea | Inhibiting tumor growth, reducing liver toxicity and nephrotoxicity, stimulating the body’s antioxidant activity and immune function, and finally achieving an anti-liver cancer effect | [75] | |
Green tea | Increasing the Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) ratio, elevating caspase-3 protein expression, and decreasing miR-93 expression in prostate cancer cells | [54] | |
Immunostimulatory activity | Green tea | Activating the TLR7 receptor and enhancing the macrophage activity | [117] |
Green tea | Improving the serum IgG level, thymus index, macrophage activity, and lymphocyte transformation rate in broilers, as well as increasing the serum antioxidant enzyme activity | [118] | |
Selenium-enriched green tea | Enhancing the regulatory mechanism involved in free radical scavenging, synergistically improving immune function, and reducing oxidative stress | [9] | |
Green tea | Enhancing the body’s cellular immunity and humoral immunity | [119] | |
Fuzhuan brick tea | In vitro: promoting the in vitro proliferation activity and phagocytic capability of macrophages and enhancing the activity of acid phosphatase; in vivo: promoting the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nitric oxide (NO) and then inhibiting decreases in thymus/spleen index and colon rupture | [30] | |
Selenium-enriched green tea | Improving the spleen and thymus index, promoting the lymphocyte proliferation and NK cell activity in the spleen, promoting the CD4 T cell proliferation, and reducing oxidative stress | [9] | |
Gut microbiota modulating activity | Fuzhuan brick tea | Reducing the disease activity index (DAI) in mice with enteritis, alleviating the colonic tissue damage and inflammation, and simultaneously promoting the proliferation of beneficial gut microbiota and the increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) | [120] |
Wuyi rock tea | Improving gut microbiota composition and microbial structural dysbiosis in type 2 diabetic rats | [121] | |
Fuzhuan brick tea | Promoting the secretion and mRNA expression of mucin 2, occludin, and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1); altering gut microbiota composition; and stimulating the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and production of SCFAs | [30] | |
Fuzhuan brick tea | Increasing the phylogenetic diversity of the gut microbiota, suppressing the increase in the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria, and altering key OUTs associated with metabolic syndrome | [8] | |
Fuzhuan brick tea | Altering the gut morphology and ZO-1 expression, increasing the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, and decreasing the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Helicobacteraceae, and Clostridaceae | [122] | |
Tea flowers | Protecting the intestinal barrier function and promoting the increase in the number of beneficial microorganisms and their metabolites, thereby maintaining intestinal health and improving adaptive intestinal immunity | [123] | |
Glucose and lipid metabolism-regulating activity | Pu-erh tea | Inhibiting intestinal alpha-glucosidase activity | [36] |
Green, oolong, and black teas | Enhancing in vitro free radical scavenging activity and α-glucosidase inhibition in skeletal muscle cells | [76] | |
Tea flowers | Protecting cell membranes from peroxidative damage and reducing oxidative stress | [124] | |
Pu-erh tea | Inhibiting the intestinal alpha-glucosidase activity | [125] | |
Green tea | Adjusting body weight, reducing serum triglyceride (TG) and leptin (LT) levels, inhibiting fatty acid absorption, improving anti-inflammatory activity, and treating obesity | [126] | |
Black tea | Inhibiting the formation and accumulation of fat, promoting the decomposition of fat, and promoting the expression of essential genes involved in fat metabolism | [127] | |
Oolong tea | Decreasing serum LT levels in obese rats, improving blood lipids and antioxidant levels, and affecting lipid metabolism pathways | [128] | |
Fenggang zinc selenium tea | Improving oxidative stress, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and enhancing liver protection | [129] | |
Anticoagulant activity | Green tea | Inhibiting the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways of fibrinogen-to-fibrin conversion without inhibiting the extrinsic pathway | [16] |
Bacteriostatic activity | Green tea | Destroying the cell wall of Escherichia coli and increasing the permeability of the cell membrane and the content of intracellular ROS | [130] |
Anti-fatigue activity | Ziyang green tea | Preventing lipid peroxidation by modification of GPx activity | [22] |
Skincare activity | Green tea | Promoting skin’s moisturization and enhancing fibroblast proliferation capability | [11] |
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Wang, Q.; Yang, X.; Zhu, C.; Liu, G.; Sun, Y.; Qian, L. Advances in the Utilization of Tea Polysaccharides: Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and Health Benefits. Polymers 2022, 14, 2775. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142775
Wang Q, Yang X, Zhu C, Liu G, Sun Y, Qian L. Advances in the Utilization of Tea Polysaccharides: Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and Health Benefits. Polymers. 2022; 14(14):2775. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142775
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Qian, Xiaoyan Yang, Changwei Zhu, Guodong Liu, Yujun Sun, and Lisheng Qian. 2022. "Advances in the Utilization of Tea Polysaccharides: Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and Health Benefits" Polymers 14, no. 14: 2775. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142775