Calcium Carbonate Originating from Snail Shells for Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/L-Lysine Composite: Characterization and Application to the Electroanalysis of Toluidine Blue

Ngouoko, Jimmy Julio Kouanang; Tajeu, Kevin Yemele; Fotsop, Cyrille Ghislain; Tamo, Arnaud Kamdem; Doungmo, Giscard; Temgoua, Ranil Clément Tonleu; Kamgaing, Théophile; Tonle, Ignas Kenfack

doi:10.3390/cryst12091189

Open AccessArticle

Calcium Carbonate Originating from Snail Shells for Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/L-Lysine Composite: Characterization and Application to the Electroanalysis of Toluidine Blue

by

Jimmy Julio Kouanang Ngouoko

¹,

Kevin Yemele Tajeu

^1,*,

Cyrille Ghislain Fotsop

²

,

Arnaud Kamdem Tamo

^3,4,5,

Giscard Doungmo

⁶,

Ranil Clément Tonleu Temgoua

^1,7,*,

Théophile Kamgaing

¹ and

Ignas Kenfack Tonle

^1,*

¹

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon

²

Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Chemical Institute Industrial Chemistry, Universitatsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany

³

Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials BMBT, Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany

⁴

Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany

⁵

Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany

⁶

Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universitätzu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straβe 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany

⁷

Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé P.O. Box 47, Cameroon

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Crystals 2022, 12(9), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091189

Submission received: 29 July 2022 / Revised: 19 August 2022 / Accepted: 20 August 2022 / Published: 24 August 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroxyapatite Base Nanocomposites (Volume II))

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Abstract

Snail shells (Anadora Fulica) calcined at different temperatures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal analyses (TG-DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N₂ adsorption–desorption experiments (surface area measurements were found using the coupled BET/BJH method). The principal objective was to identify different forms of calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide in snail shells as raw materials. The calcium hydroxide thus obtained was used in the synthesis of the hydroxyapatite/L-lysine (HA/Lys) composite. The composite used to chemically modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It appeared that the developed sensor Lys/HA/GCE facilitated electronic transfer compared to the pristine electrode. In a strongly acid medium, this surface protonated and therefore became positively charged, which allowed it to have a good affinity with [Fe(CN)₆]^3-. An application in toluidine blue (TB) electroanalysis in the phosphate buffer was carried out. Optimal sensor performances were obtained using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The performance of the sensor was determined in the concentration range 1 to 10 µM of TB, and the limit of detection (LOD) obtained by the S/N = 3 method was 2.78 × 10⁻⁷ M. The sensor was also used to detect the TB in spring water at 96.79% recovery.

Keywords: hydroxyapatite; electroanalysis; calcination; snail shells; toluidine blue

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ngouoko, J.J.K.; Tajeu, K.Y.; Fotsop, C.G.; Tamo, A.K.; Doungmo, G.; Temgoua, R.C.T.; Kamgaing, T.; Tonle, I.K. Calcium Carbonate Originating from Snail Shells for Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/L-Lysine Composite: Characterization and Application to the Electroanalysis of Toluidine Blue. Crystals 2022, 12, 1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091189

AMA Style

Ngouoko JJK, Tajeu KY, Fotsop CG, Tamo AK, Doungmo G, Temgoua RCT, Kamgaing T, Tonle IK. Calcium Carbonate Originating from Snail Shells for Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/L-Lysine Composite: Characterization and Application to the Electroanalysis of Toluidine Blue. Crystals. 2022; 12(9):1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091189

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ngouoko, Jimmy Julio Kouanang, Kevin Yemele Tajeu, Cyrille Ghislain Fotsop, Arnaud Kamdem Tamo, Giscard Doungmo, Ranil Clément Tonleu Temgoua, Théophile Kamgaing, and Ignas Kenfack Tonle. 2022. "Calcium Carbonate Originating from Snail Shells for Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/L-Lysine Composite: Characterization and Application to the Electroanalysis of Toluidine Blue" Crystals 12, no. 9: 1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091189

APA Style

Ngouoko, J. J. K., Tajeu, K. Y., Fotsop, C. G., Tamo, A. K., Doungmo, G., Temgoua, R. C. T., Kamgaing, T., & Tonle, I. K. (2022). Calcium Carbonate Originating from Snail Shells for Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/L-Lysine Composite: Characterization and Application to the Electroanalysis of Toluidine Blue. Crystals, 12(9), 1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091189

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Calcium Carbonate Originating from Snail Shells for Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite/L-Lysine Composite: Characterization and Application to the Electroanalysis of Toluidine Blue

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