Thermal Stability and Radiation Tolerance of Lanthanide-Doped Cerium Oxide Nanocubes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
- Oleylamine (ON) [17]. In a round-bottomed flask, (CeCl3•6H2O) and any dopant (LnCl3•6H2O) where Ln = Nd, Eu, Er, and Lu were added to ON. After heating the reaction to 90 °C and stirring for 1 h, the reaction was then warmed to 265 °C. The reaction turned from pale brown to black. After cooling to room temperature, the solution was collected by centrifugation, washed with ethanol and hexanes and used without further manipulations.
- Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) [18]. In a round-bottomed flask, (Ce(NO3)3•6H2O) and any dopant (Ln(NO3)3•6H2O) where Ln = Nd, Eu, Er, and Lu were dissolved in water. An equal volume of concentrated HMTA was added at room temperature and the reaction was allowed to stir (24 h). The precipitate was collected by centrifugation, washed with hexanes and used without further manipulations.
- t-butylamine (TBA) [19]. In an Ehrlyenmeyer flask, (Ce(NO3)3•6H2O) and any dopant (Ln(NO3)3•6H2O) where Ln = Nd, Eu, Er, and Lu were dissolved in water and poured into a TeflonTM-lined Parr-bombTM. To this mixture, toluene, oleic acid, and t-butylamine were added; the sample was sealed and heated at 180 °C for 12 h. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation, washed with hexanes, and used without further manipulations.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Synthesis and Characterization
3.2. Dopant Mapping for Eu
3.3. Thermal Stability
3.4. Irradiation Stability
4. Summary and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CeO2 | Nd:CeOx | Eu:CeOx | Er:CeOx | Lu:CeOx | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
XRF | Ce (major) Eu (minor) Cl(minor) | Ce (major) Nd (minor) Cl (minor) Zr (minor) | Ce (major) Eu (minor) Cl (minor) | Ce (major) Er (minor) | Ce (major) Lu (minor) |
pXRD | (25 °C) 00-067-0123 CeO2 ceria|Cerium Oxide | (600 °C) 00-067-0123 CeO2 ceria|Cerium Oxide | (600 °C) 00-067-0122 CeO2 ceria|Cerium Oxide | (600 °C) 00-067-0123 CeO2 ceria|Cerium Oxide | (600 °C) 00-067-0123 CeO2 ceria|Cerium Oxide |
ATR-FTIR (cm−1) | 3317.93 (m) 2920.58 (s) 2851.09 (m) 2163.86 (w) 2037.01 (w) 1613.62 (m) 1460.77 (w) 1411.48 (m) 1064.97 (w) 965.24 (w) | 3355.01 (m, br) 2923.12 (m) 2853.10 (m) 2583.18 (w) 2164.12 (w) 2079.88 (w) 1980.97 (w) 1467.17 (s) 1393.84 (s) 1260.87 (w) 1083.29 (w) 843.62 (m) 802.36 (m) 708.90 (m) | 3340.37 (m) 3003.64 (w) 2920.74 (s) 2851.20 (m) 2162.81 (w) 2035.73 (w) 1494.59 (m) 1460.04 (s) 1404.08 (m) 1079.23 (w) 965.75 (w) 841.10 (w) 720.57 (m) | 3323.03 (s) 3213.14 (s) 2920.59 (s) 2851.22 (m) 2214.27 (w) 1624.61 (s) 1462.78 (w) 1410.58 (m) 1049.92 (w) 966.31 (w) 719.16 (s) | 3315.26 (s) 3210.01 (s) 2922.62 (m) 2852.34 (w) 2216.86 (w) 1618.16 (s) 1411.97 (m) 1117.11 (w) 966.47 (w) 699.03 (m) |
DLS (nm) | 257 (100%) | 295 (100%) | 257 (54%) 901 (46%) | 343 (100%) | 518 (100%) |
Prep Route | Temp (°C) | Sample | Aerial Density (µm−2) | Size (nm) | Sample | Aerial Density (µm−2) | Size (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ON | 25 | CeO2 | N/A | N/A | Eu:CeO2 | 190.63 | 42.4 |
100 | 201.06 | 42.34 | |||||
200 | 189.14 | 42.42 | |||||
300 | 177.23 | 42.42 | |||||
400 | 171.27 | 42.43 | |||||
500 | 160.85 | 42.45 | |||||
HMTA | 25 | CeO2 | 2919 | 5.77 | Eu:CeO2 | 2.204 | 340.57 |
100 | 3216 | 5.75 | 2.204 | 340.61 | |||
200 | 3797 | 5.79 | 2.204 | 340.6 | |||
300 | 4932 | 5.84 | 2.204 | 340.59 | |||
400 | 4676 | 5.81 | 2.204 | 340.6 | |||
500 | 4649 | 5.81 | 2.204 | 340.62 | |||
TBA | 25 | CeO2 | 15,882 | 4.07 | Eu:CeO2 | 4593 | 7.3 |
100 | 16,445 | 4.04 | 4931 | 7.27 | |||
200 | 15,519 | 4.09 | 5026 | 7.23 | |||
300 | 15,501 | 4.09 | 4342 | 7.31 | |||
400 | 14,818 | 4.1 | 3910 | 7.34 | |||
500 | 14,083 | 4.12 | 3850 | 7.34 |
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Burns, K.; Reuel, P.C.; Guerrero, F.; Lang, E.; Lu, P.; Aitkaliyeva, A.; Hattar, K.; Boyle, T.J. Thermal Stability and Radiation Tolerance of Lanthanide-Doped Cerium Oxide Nanocubes. Crystals 2021, 11, 1369. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111369
Burns K, Reuel PC, Guerrero F, Lang E, Lu P, Aitkaliyeva A, Hattar K, Boyle TJ. Thermal Stability and Radiation Tolerance of Lanthanide-Doped Cerium Oxide Nanocubes. Crystals. 2021; 11(11):1369. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111369
Chicago/Turabian StyleBurns, Kory, Paris C. Reuel, Fernando Guerrero, Eric Lang, Ping Lu, Assel Aitkaliyeva, Khalid Hattar, and Timothy J. Boyle. 2021. "Thermal Stability and Radiation Tolerance of Lanthanide-Doped Cerium Oxide Nanocubes" Crystals 11, no. 11: 1369. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111369