Solvent Effects on Catechol Crystal Habits and Aspect Ratios: A Combination of Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Calculation Methodology
2.1. Theory
2.2. Simulation Details
3. Experiment and Characterization
3.1. Materials
3.2. Cooling Crystallization Experiments
3.3. Crystal Characterization
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Polymorph Identification
4.2. Prediction of Catechol Crystal Morphology in Vacuum
4.3. Modified Results of Catechol Crystal Morphology in Solvent Systems
4.4. Solvent–Crystal Interactions on the Interface
4.4.1. Molecular Alignment on Crystal Surfaces
4.4.2. Roughness of Surfaces
4.4.3. Diffusion Coefficient
4.4.4. Solvent Effects on Crystal Aspect Ratios
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lattice Parameter | a (Å) | b (Å) | c (Å) | α (°) | β (°) | γ (°) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | 10.941 | 5.509 | 10.069 | 90.000 | 119.000 | 90.000 |
COMPASS optimized | 10.969 | 5.555 | 9.588 | 90.000 | 121.403 | 90.000 |
Relative error/% | 0.26 | 0.83 | 4.78 | 0 | 2.02 | 0 |
Faces (h k l) | Multiplicity | dhkl (Å) | Eatt (kcal mol−1) | Area (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(1 0 −1) | 2 | 8.19 | −18.09 | 48.55 |
(1 0 1) | 2 | 5.47 | −43.45 | 19.10 |
(0 1 1) | 4 | 4.78 | −46.15 | 10.97 |
(1 1 0) | 4 | 4.71 | −50.50 | 1.25 |
(0 0 2) | 2 | 4.68 | −47.41 | 0.10 |
(1 1 −1) | 4 | 4.60 | −37.64 | 20.03 |
Solvent | Faces | Etot | Esur | Esol | Eint | Es | E’att | R’hkl | Area/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isopropanol | (1 0 −1) | −11,206.93 | −3093.73 | −7916.14 | −197.05 | −13.48 | −4.61 | 1.00 | 43.87 |
(1 0 1) | −10,774.85 | −2646.98 | −7913.94 | −213.93 | −37.01 | −6.44 | 1.40 | 35.57 | |
(0 1 1) | −12,056.38 | −3950.79 | −7947.46 | −158.13 | −26.70 | −19.45 | 4.21 | - | |
(1 1 0) | −12,186.14 | −4017.98 | −7954.85 | −213.31 | −30.16 | −20.35 | 4.41 | - | |
(0 0 2) | −10,824.04 | −2703.56 | −7877.07 | −243.41 | −17.44 | −29.97 | 6.50 | - | |
(1 1 −1) | −11,326.17 | −3180.69 | −7990.31 | −155.17 | −25.20 | −12.44 | 2.70 | 20.56 | |
Methyl acetate | (1 0 −1) | −6423.31 | −3093.60 | −3046.64 | −283.06 | −19.36 | 1.27 | 1.00 | 70.81 |
(1 0 1) | −6027.75 | −2646.91 | −3052.75 | −328.10 | −56.76 | 13.31 | 10.49 | 2.50 | |
(0 1 1) | −7330.46 | −3950.59 | −2990.34 | −389.53 | −65.77 | 19.63 | 15.47 | - | |
(1 1 0) | −7395.82 | −4017.81 | −2971.41 | −406.60 | −57.48 | 6.98 | 5.50 | 14.97 | |
(0 0 2) | −6059.46 | −2703.51 | −3024.78 | −331.17 | −23.72 | −23.68 | 18.67 | - | |
(1 1 −1) | −6504.15 | −3180.63 | −3062.49 | −261.03 | −42.39 | 4.75 | 3.75 | 11.72 | |
Ethyl acetate | (1 0 −1) | −8963.16 | −3093.20 | −5609.78 | −260.18 | −17.80 | −0.30 | 1.00 | 71.14 |
(1 0 1) | −8479.98 | −2646.54 | −5548.65 | −284.79 | −49.27 | 5.82 | 19.65 | 3.98 | |
(0 1 1) | −9801.90 | −3950.16 | −5555.32 | −296.41 | −50.05 | 3.90 | 13.17 | - | |
(1 1 0) | −9927.83 | −4017.27 | −5527.68 | −382.88 | −54.13 | 3.63 | 12.24 | - | |
(0 0 2) | −8487.97 | −2703.17 | −5532.21 | −252.59 | −18.10 | −29.31 | 98.96 | - | |
(1 1 −1) | −9038.79 | −3180.23 | −5633.03 | −225.53 | −36.62 | −1.01 | 3.42 | 24.88 |
Faces | Ahkl (Å2) | Aacc (Å2) | S |
---|---|---|---|
(1 0 −1) | 60.93 | 75.02 | 1.23 |
(1 0 1) | 91.11 | 189.13 | 2.08 |
(0 1 1) | 104.40 | 211.54 | 2.03 |
(1 1 0) | 105.99 | 179.81 | 1.70 |
(0 0 2) | 53.25 | 91.56 | 1.72 |
(1 1 −1) | 108.51 | 158.59 | 1.46 |
Faces | Isopropanol | Methyl Acetate | Ethyl Acetate |
---|---|---|---|
(1 0 −1) | 1.09 | 3.00 | 2.53 |
(1 0 1) | 0.75 | 2.25 | 2.28 |
(0 1 1) | 0.69 | 2.57 | 1.94 |
(1 1 0) | 0.67 | 2.52 | 2.11 |
(0 0 2) | 0.91 | 2.88 | 2.21 |
(1 1 −1) | 0.74 | 2.82 | 2.18 |
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Zhu, D.; Zhang, S.; Cui, P.; Wang, C.; Dai, J.; Zhou, L.; Huang, Y.; Hou, B.; Hao, H.; Zhou, L.; et al. Solvent Effects on Catechol Crystal Habits and Aspect Ratios: A Combination of Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Crystals 2020, 10, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040316
Zhu D, Zhang S, Cui P, Wang C, Dai J, Zhou L, Huang Y, Hou B, Hao H, Zhou L, et al. Solvent Effects on Catechol Crystal Habits and Aspect Ratios: A Combination of Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Crystals. 2020; 10(4):316. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040316
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Dan, Shihao Zhang, Pingping Cui, Chang Wang, Jiayu Dai, Ling Zhou, Yaohui Huang, Baohong Hou, Hongxun Hao, Lina Zhou, and et al. 2020. "Solvent Effects on Catechol Crystal Habits and Aspect Ratios: A Combination of Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study" Crystals 10, no. 4: 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040316