Gypsum Crystallization during Reverse Osmosis Desalination of Water with High Sulfate Content in Presence of a Novel Fluorescent-Tagged Polyacrylate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents, Membrane Material and Model Solutions
- K = (total initial volume of feeding solution)/(current volume of retentate)
- S = (initial gypsum concentration, mol·dm−3)/(gypsum solubility at 25 °C, mol·dm−3)
- Thus for S < 1 the solution is undersaturated, while for S > 1 it is supersaturated.
2.2. Reverse Osmosis Membrane System
2.3. Gypsum Scaling Experiments
2.4. Fluorescent Microscopy Measurements
2.5. Fluorescence Intensity Measurements of Aqueousphase
2.6. SEM Crystal Characterization
2.7. DLS Characterization of Retentate
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Blank A Experiment Results
3.2. Blank B Experiment Results
3.3. Blank C Experiment Results
3.4. GSI Experiment Results
3.5. Tentative Mechanism of Gypsum Membrane Fouling Inhibition by PAA-F1 in RO Process
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Solvent/Solution | Concentration (mol·dm−3) | pH | Cumulative Number of Foreign Particles in 1 mL * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≥100 nm | ≥200 nm | ≥300 nm | ≥500 nm | |||
Distilled water for feed solution preparation; 2 μS/cm | 55.55 | 5.5 | 390,000 | 97,000 | 19,600 | 16,400 |
CaCl2 stock solution, diluted by distilled water | 0.015 | 7.1 | 1,800,000 | 200,000 | 76,000 | 39,000 |
Na2SO4 stock solution, diluted by distilled water | 0.015 | 6.1 | 1,550,000 | 185,000 | 73,000 | 32,000 |
PAA-F1 solution | 1.7·10−6 | 6.2 | 860,000 | 110,000 | 38,000 | 16,000 |
Membrane Preparation and Treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step | Task | Feed | Pressure | Duration | Comments | ||
1 | Membrane preparation | Distilled water | - | 20–30 minutes | Washing with distilled water for preservatives removal. | ||
2 | Membrane conditioning | Distilled water | - | 8–12 hours | Covered by distilled water layer for preservatives removal. | ||
3 | RO membrane desalination in concentration mode continuous monitoring | Feed solution circulation mode; well-controlled feed solution: composition, pH, T, etc. | 88 to 110 psi depending on desirable flux | 5–6 hours duration of the entire experiment for all runs | Feed, permeate and retentate samples collected and analyzed for Ca content, for PAA-F1 concentration (by fluorimeter) and by fluorescent microscope. | ||
4 | Post experiment treatment | - | - | 24 | RO membrane is removed, gently rinsed out with distilled water; dried at 22–25 °C and segmented. RO membrane segments are characterized by SEM and fluorescent microscopy. | ||
Cross-flow tests | |||||||
Test | Initial feed solution | Comments | |||||
Blank A | 7 mg·dm−3 PAA-F1 in distilled water | Experiment is intended to evaluate “free” PAA-F1 sorption by membrane in concentration operating mode. | |||||
Blank B | 0.015 mol·dm−3 CaCl2 and 7 mg·dm−3 PAA-F1 in distilled water | Experiment is intended to estimate PAA-F1 participation in side reaction with Ca2+ ions, followed by its undesirable consumption by calcium due to formation of insoluble Ca0.5xHyPAA-F1·nH2O (0.5x + y = 1) salts. | |||||
Blank C | 0.015 mol·dm−3 CaCl2 and 0.015 mol·dm−3 Na2SO4 in distilled water | Experiment has to demonstrate non-inhibited RO membrane gypsum scaling as a reference to the inhibited one. | |||||
Gypsum Scale Inhibition (GSI) | 0.015 mol·dm−3 CaCl2, 0.015 mol·dm−3 Na2SO4 and 7 mg·dm−3 PAA-F1 in distilled water | A PAA-F1 inhibited gypsum scaling. |
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Oshchepkov, M.; Golovesov, V.; Ryabova, A.; Redchuk, A.; Tkachenko, S.; Pervov, A.; Popov, K. Gypsum Crystallization during Reverse Osmosis Desalination of Water with High Sulfate Content in Presence of a Novel Fluorescent-Tagged Polyacrylate. Crystals 2020, 10, 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040309
Oshchepkov M, Golovesov V, Ryabova A, Redchuk A, Tkachenko S, Pervov A, Popov K. Gypsum Crystallization during Reverse Osmosis Desalination of Water with High Sulfate Content in Presence of a Novel Fluorescent-Tagged Polyacrylate. Crystals. 2020; 10(4):309. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040309
Chicago/Turabian StyleOshchepkov, Maxim, Vladimir Golovesov, Anastasia Ryabova, Anatoly Redchuk, Sergey Tkachenko, Alexei Pervov, and Konstantin Popov. 2020. "Gypsum Crystallization during Reverse Osmosis Desalination of Water with High Sulfate Content in Presence of a Novel Fluorescent-Tagged Polyacrylate" Crystals 10, no. 4: 309. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040309