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Article

An Amino-Chain Modified β-cyclodextrin: A Supramolecular Ligand for Pd(OAc)2 Acceleration in Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions in Water

by
Vijay Vilas Shinde
1,
Daham Jeong
2 and
Seunho Jung
1,2,*
1
Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications (UBITA) & Center for Biotechnology Research in UBITA (CBRU), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
2
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2019, 9(2), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9020111
Submission received: 31 December 2018 / Revised: 15 January 2019 / Accepted: 22 January 2019 / Published: 23 January 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction)
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Abstract

:
A well-designed and synthesized water-soluble class of β-cyclodextrin supported palladium complex PdLn@Et-β-CD could efficiently validate high catalytic activity and act as a supramolecular platform for phosphine-free Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions between arylboronic acid/arylboronic ester and aryl halides in water under mild conditions. The presented novel PdLn@Pr-β-CD complex catalyst was characterized by NMR, XRD, FT-IR, and DSC analysis. Furthermore, the role of the PdLn@Et-β-CD fragment in the reaction mechanism studied by molecular complexation was proposed based on FT-IR, 2D NMR (ROESY) spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and DSC spectroscopic analysis. The important benefits of this technique comprise simple phosphine-free preparation of the palladium catalyst, a wide range of functional-group tolerance, and easy recyclability; this method, furthermore, eschews hazardous reagents or solvents.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction is the most widely used protocol for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds and has become the predominant approach in the synthesis of biaryl [1,2,3], resulting in an extensive range of natural products and pharmaceuticals. In the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, phosphine ligands are used to complex and activate the palladium species [4]. However, they are moisture and air sensitive, limiting the recyclability of the catalyst, and also lead to unwanted residues under aqueous reaction conditions, which place significant limitations on their synthetic applications [5,6]. Thus, the expansion of phosphine-free catalytic systems to overcome the above problems is considered to be one of the most demanding and challenging areas of organic synthesis [7]. With these issues in mind, many catalytic systems have been developed using various carriers to immobilize Pd catalysts, for example silica [8], Pd/C [9], magnetic nanoparticles [10,11,12], carbon nanotubes [13], nanomaterials [14,15,16], polymers [17,18], and cyclodextrins [19]. Among the various carriers, cyclodextrins (CD) have recently attracted abundant attention for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions, given that phosphine free CD ligands support Pd catalytic systems [20,21,22,23,24].
Cyclodextrins are a well-known class of cyclic oligomers composed of a glucopyranoside unit, linked in α-1,4 linkage. Their water solubility and ability to form an inclusion complex make them unique. This unique property endows it with different functions, such as drug delivery [25], selective recognition [26], and catalysis in water [27]. Recently different kinds of amino functionalized β-CD ligands were synthesized and used for the different C–C bond coupling reactions, such as Suzuki–Miyaura, Heck coupling, etc. [28,29]. Indeed, native β-CD and its derivatives have shown outstanding performance in water mediated organic synthesis. However, the application of amino chain modified β-CD derivatives as ligands in organometallic catalysis has not been fully explored, especially for C–C bond coupling reactions in aqueous conditions [30,31,32]. Moreover, amino modified based ligand reports with complex multistep and reaction mechanism by molecular complexation were not studied. Hence, in this context we report on an ethylene-β-cyclodextrin supported palladium complex (PdLn@Et-β-CD) and how it catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions in water. Additionally, the excellent catalytic activity and catalytic mechanism by molecular complexation were deliberate.

2. Results and Discussion

The construction procedure for aminoethylamino-β-cyclodextrin supported palladium complex (PdLn@Et-β-CD) involved four steps, as shown in Scheme 1. First, mono-6-(4-tosyl)-6-deoxy-β-CD (TsCD) was synthesized from commercially available β-CD with 1-(p-Toluenesulfonyl)imidazole in aqueous NaOH, which was further reacted with ethylenediamine at 50 °C to give functionalized Ln@Et-β-CD. The resultant ligand was then blended with Pd(OAc)2 in anhydrous toluene for 15 h, where the anticipated complex of PdLn@Et-β-CD was found as light yellow powder. Remarkably, the catalyst has shown outstanding solubility in water.
To evidence the coordinative conformation of the Ln@Et-β-CD ligand and PdLn@Et-β-CD complex, 1H NMR spectra were investigated, and the results are shown in Figure 1. As demonstrated in Figure 1, the distinguishing peaks of Ln@Et-β-CD appeared at 2.7 to 2.9 ppm. Additionally, the 2:7 basic ratios of the H7 protons to the H1 protons confirmed that the ethylenediamine is monofunctionalized to the β-CD. This result proves the successful development of Ln@Et-β-CD. Relating the spectrum of Ln@Et-β-CD with that of PdLn@Et-β-CD, the peak of acetyl in PdLn@Et-β-CD was enormously noticeable and it afforded a clear signal that the PdLn@Et-β-CD catalyst had been successfully synthesized. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was also used to demonstrate the clear synthesis of Ln@Et-β-CD (Figure S1; m/z calculated for [C44H76N2O34] 1176.42, found 1177.35 [M + H]+, 1199.34 [M + Na]+). The NMR and MALDI-TOF results indicated that the degree of substitution of Ln@Et-β-CD is 1.
In the FT−IR spectrum (Figure 2), characteristic bands of Et-β-CD and PdLn@Et-β-CD were observed. The free Et-β-CD ligand exhibited bands at 3336 cm−1 corresponding to stretching frequencies of hydroxyl groups. The band at 2928 cm−1 corresponded to aliphatic C−H stretching, and the band at 1107 cm−1 corresponded to the C−N stretching frequency of Et-β-CD. After complex formation of Et-β-CD with Pd(OAc)2, each of the IR frequencies were shifted to 2948 cm−1, 3410 cm−1, and 1182 cm−1, which corresponded to C−H, O−H, and C−N stretching frequencies, respectively. Furthermore, the peak around 1717 cm−1 indicated the C=O stretching vibrations, which corresponded to the carbonyl group of palladium acetate. These changes provided additional supporting evidence for the formation of PdLn@Et-β-CD complex.
The patterns of X-ray diffraction (XRD) of Et-β-CD and PdLn@Et-β-CD are presented in Figure 3. These results indicated that Et-β-CD (black curve) and PdLn@Et-β-CD (red curve) are both amorphous and display a robust and distinctive diffraction peak at 2θ of 15–30°. Furthermore, the new peaks in the XRD pattern of PdLn@Et-β-CD at 2θ of 39.5° and 47.2°, matching the 110 and 200 crystalline planes of Pd2, specified the presence of Pd in PdLn@Et-β-CD. As a result, the XRD patterns proved that the catalyst had been synthesized without damaging the crystal structure of the Et-β-CD ligand, and Pd was present in the PdLn@Et-β-CD catalyst.
To evaluate the catalytic performance of PdLn@Et-β-CD catalysts, Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions were carried out as model reactions. Initially, 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene and (3-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid were selected as the model substrates to investigate the optimal reaction conditions, and the results are depicted in Table 1. A moderate 71% yield of the desired product was obtained when the reaction was carried out with 1 mol% of PdLn@Et-β-CD and Na2CO3 base in water at 60 °C for 2 h (Table 1, entry 1), which indicated that the PdLn@Et-β-CD catalyst and base Na2CO3 played a significant role in the reaction. Furthermore, different bases were also tested, and we found K2CO3 to be the optimal base when compared with other bases like Cs2CO3, K3PO4, and NaHCO3 (Table 1, entries 2–5). In the absence of a base, no significant product development was detected even after 14 h of reaction time (Table 1, entry 6). Later on, the catalyst loading was optimized by increasing the quantity of catalyst loading to 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mol%. Remarkably, 2 mol% of catalyst was found to give the maximum yield in less time (Table 1, entry 8). Further increasing the quantity of the PdLn@Et-β-CD catalyst (3 mol%) neither improved the yield nor reduced the conversion time (Table 1, entry 10). After finding the optimum catalyst and base loading condition, the effects of temperature were also investigated. When the reaction was carried out below the 60 °C, the yield of the desired product notably decreased. Furthermore, a temperature increase to 70–100 °C neither increased the yield nor reduced the conversion time. In order to clarify the role of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in aqueous reactions, a controlled reaction was carried out using β-CD (5 mol%) and Pd(OAc)2 (2.5 mol%). Trace product formation was observed using native β-cyclodextrin as the catalyst even after 15 h of reaction time (Table 1, entry 16), which strongly indicated the importance of the ligand group in CD to stabilize Pd(OAc)2 in this reaction.
Having determined the best conditions, we continued to examine the substrate scope of the catalytic system. The obtained results are outline in Table 2. Diverse aryl halides were used for coupling reactions with different arylboronic acids to give the corresponding biaryl products in good to excellent yields. All things considered, the catalyst showed good catalytic activity, leading to outstanding yields in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions. General aryl halides, such as bromobenzene and iodobenzene, had a high reactivity with boronic acid, and the reactions were rapidly completed in 1 h, as indicated in entries 1 and 2 of Table 2. The substrates with electron donating functionality, such as -CH3 and -OMe, afforded the coupling products in good yields, but required longer reaction times (Table 2, entries 7, 11–13, 18). In contrast, aryl halides containing electon withdrawing groups, such as -NO2, -CHO, and –OH, gave high yields in shorter reaction times (Table 2, entries 1–6, 14–16). However, only a moderate yields were obtained when aryl chlorides were used as the substrate (Table 2, entries 19). Additionally, the optimized reaction conditions were operative for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of heteroaryl bromides with phenylboronic acids and produced products in acceptable yields (Table 2, entries 17).
Consequently, in order to progress the applications of PdLn@Et-β-CD, recycling of the catalyst was carried out. The overall procedure for recycling the catalytic system is shown in Figure 4.
Moreover, the reaction was conducted with the optimal reaction conditions: 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene (1a, 1 mmol), (3-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid (2a, 1.2 mmol), catalyst PdLn@Et-β-CD (2 mol %) K2CO3 (1.5 mmol), and water 4 mL 60 °C. After completing each cycle, 3 × 6 mL of ethyl acetate was added to isolate the organic layer, and the aqueous layer was then used in the next run without altering the reaction conditions. The recycling results are shown in Figure 5. In the first cycle, the yield was 94%, and the PdLn@Et-β-CD catalyst still showed high catalytic activity, giving a yield of 89% even after seven cycles.
To further prove the role of the PdLn@Et-β-CD catalyst in the reactions, the inclusion complexation of the reactants and PdLn@Et-β-CD was investigated. Two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy gave the most powerful evidence for the formation of inclusion complexes [33]. The protons in a molecule, which are situated within 0.4 nm in space, may produce a rotating-frame in NOE spectroscopy (ROESY). As shown in Figure 6, the hydrogens on the 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene (BN) displayed clear NOE interactions with the H3 and H5 protons of PdLn@Et-β-CD. Additionally, the ROESY experiment explained the inclusion mode of the PdLn@Et-β-CD/BN complex. The spectrum displayed typical NOE relationships between the aromatic protons of BN at 7.38 and 6.83 ppm, and the inside the cavity, H3 and H5 protons of PdLn@Et-β-CD were detected at 3.88 and 3.94 ppm, respectively (see the enlarged view in Figure 5). Moreover, no NOE connection between the H1 proton of PdLn@Et-β-CD and BN was detected, as it is well-known that the H1 proton exists on the external part of the PdLn@Et-β-CD cavity. Hence, the role of the β-CD-fragment of PdLn@Et-β-CD was confirmed: it improved the water-solubility of the catalyst as well as housed the substrate by a molecular recognition method.
Furthermore, using FT-IR spectroscopy [34], we studied the vibrational changes upon complexation. The FT-IR spectra of PdLn@Et-β-CD, BN, the BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD physical mixture, and the BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD inclusion complex are shown in Figure 7. The PdLn@Et-β-CD spectrum contained the characteristic absorption band for the spectrum with O-H stretching at 3410 cm−1, sp3 C-H stretching around 2948 cm−1, and C-O stretching around 1030 cm−1. The N-H stretching vibrations were observed at 1631 cm−1 and 1576 cm−1. The red line spectrum of BN showed the distinctive absorption band of the N=O of nitro at 1520 cm−1, and the individual 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene at 3074 cm−1. The two peaks detected at 1540 and 1481 cm−1 were allotted to the aromatic ring of BN. The FT-IR spectrum of the physical mixture included absorption peaks with reduced intensities at locations matching to that of the natural BN, demonstrating that the simple mixture of BN and PdLn@Et-β-CD dids not change the physical properties of BN. However, the distinguishing absorption peaks at 3074 and 1520 cm−1 vanished in the FT-IR spectrum of the BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD inclusion complex, demonstrating that the BN environment was different. This suggests that the existence of intense molecular connections in the complex can be mostly attributed to the hydrophobic interactions inside of the inclusion complex.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an exceedingly well-known technique for analyzing the surface texture and particle size changes in inclusion complexation [35]. Figure 8 displays the SEM images of PdLn@Et-β-CD, BN, a physical mixture of PdLn@Et-β-CD/BN, and the PdLn@Et-β-CD/BN inclusion complex. PdLn@Et-β-CD was spherical and amorphous, where BN occured as needle-like crystals. In the physical mixture of the two powders, the representative crystals of BN and the amorphous spheres of PdLn@Et-β-CD were both detected. In contrast, the inclusion complex contained unevenly shaped particles in which the original morphologies of both compounds were obscured, and collections of amorphous fragments of irregular sizes were detected. Thus, the data gained from SEM analysis propose that the inclusion complexation method between BN and PdLn@Et-β-CD occured in a solution state.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis characterizes the interactions between the host and guest molecules in a solid state [36]. Figure 9 shows the DSC thermogram of PdLn@Et-β-CD, BN, a physical mixture of BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD, and the BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD inclusion complex. BN had a sharp endothermic peak at 125 °C, which was its melting point. The DSC curve of PdLn@Et-β-CD contained an endothermic peak at around 323 °C, and for the physical mixture of BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD, the endothermic peak of BN was observed at 122.5 °C. This small alteration could be attributed to solid–solid interaction. However, in the DSC curve of the BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD inclusion complex, the endothermic peak of free BN had clearly disappeared. These results suggest that the formation of complexes containing BN and PdLn@Et-β-CD induced a change in the crystal state of BN.
Plausible mechanisms for the synthesis of Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions involved three sequational steps, such as oxidative addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination [37]. At first, PdLn@Et-β-CD was initiated to Pd(0); then, oxidative addition of aryl halides (2a) with active PdLn@Et-β-CD led to the generation of intermediate A. Next, the insertion of the phenyl from phenylboronic acid (1a) through the transmetallation reaction provided B, which underwent reductive elimination, and finally, the desired product was released from the cavity (see Figure 10).

3. Experimental Materials

All chemicals were purchased from commercial suppliers (Aldrich or Alfa Aesar) and were used without further purification. A Direct-Q Millipore water purification system was used to purify the water. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed using a Merck silica gel 60 F254 plate. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 500 spectrometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) in D2O or CDCl3.

3.1. Characterization

Fourier–transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were determined with a Nicolet 6700 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) instrument using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were obtained using a X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 DISCOVER, Karlsruhe, Germany). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed with a Discovery DSC (TA Instrument, New Castle, DE, USA) instrument. The samples were prepared in aluminum pans and scanned from 50 to 400 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min under a flow of nitrogen at 100 mL/min. The surfaces morphologies of the materials were examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope with a Hitachi S-4700 (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) instrument. For the NMR spectroscopic analysis, a Bruker Avance 500/600 spectrometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used to record the 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR using CDCl3 or D2O as solvents and TMS as the internal standard.

3.2. Synthesis of Mono-6-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-β-cyclodextrin (tosyl-β-CD)

The synthesis of mono-6-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-β-cyclodextrin was carried out using a previously reported procedure [38]. In a 500 mL three-necked round-bottom flask, β-CD (5.0 g, 4.4 mmol) was melted in 125 mL of water at 60 °C under vigorous stirring. After cooling to room temperature, finely powdered tosylimidazole (3 g, 13.5 mmol) was added to the suspension. After 6 h, sodium hydroxide (2.25 g, 56.25 mmol) in 6.52 mL of water was added gradually over 20 min. After 10 min, the unreacted 1 tosylimidazole was separated by filtration. To quench the reaction, ammonium chloride (6.03 g, 112.5 mmol) was then added to the mixture. The resulting solution was concentrated by blowing air onto its surface overnight, precipitating the product from the solution. The reaction mass was filtered, and the obtained solid was washed twice with ice water and acetone. Afterwards, high vacuum-dried tosyl β-CD was obtained in a 14.1% yield.

3.3. Synthesis of Mono-6-deoxy-6-aminoethylamino-β-cyclodextrin (Et-β-CD) [39]

Tosyl β-CD (3 g, 2.33 mmol) was dissolved in ethylenediamine (10 mL) under N2. The mixtures were stirred at 60 °C for 12 h and the cooled to room temperature. After cooling, the sample was precipitated by adding a large amount of acetone. This was done three times. The precipitated crude product was purified by flash column chromatography using 70:20:10 (MeOH:H2O:NH4OH) as an eluent. The yield was 790 mg (57.66%).

3.4. Synthesis of PdLn@Et-β-CD Catalyst

The Et-β-CD (0.351 g, 0.3 mM) and Pd(OAc)2 (0.0225 g, 0.1 mM) were dissolved in anhydrous toluene (18.0 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Then, the resulting precipitate was filtered and washed with acetone to remove free palladium and dried in vacuum at 55 °C. A light yellow colored PdLn@Et-β-CD powder was obtained.

3.5. General Procedure for the Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions

Aryl halides (1.0 mmol), arylboronic acid (1.2 mmol), K2CO3 (1.5 mmol), PdLn@Et-β-CD (2 mol%), and 4 mL H2O were put into a reaction flask and stirred at 60 °C under air. After the reaction was complete, the solution was cooled to room temperature. The mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate, dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate at 94:06 to afford pure product.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we designed and synthesized a water-soluble Pd(II) complex of ethylene diamino modified β-cyclodextrin (PdLn@Et-β-CD). This PdLn@Et-β-CD catalyst was clearly characterized by NMR, FT−IR, XRD, and DSC. Moreover, this catalyst was successfully used in Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions as an environmentally benign, efficient, and reusable homogeneous catalyst, under mild reaction conditions. It can be recovered and reused without the loss of its catalytic activity. Moreover, a molecular complexation study confirmed that the recognition capacity by inclusion complexation of the catalyst clearly contributed to the significant improvement in the conversions of the tried substrates, which was proven by different spectroscopic analysis, such as FT-IR, FE-SEM, 2D NMR (ROESY) spectroscopy, and DSC.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/9/2/111/s1, Figure S1: MALDI-TOF-MS of Et-β-CD, Figure S2: 1H NMR of Et-β-CD measured in D2O.

Author Contributions

V.V.S., D.J. and S.J. conceived and wrote the paper.

Funding

This study was supported by the KU Brain Pool Program of Konkuk University and the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the NRF, funded by the Korean government, MSIP (2015M3A9B8031831). This research was also partially supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1D1A1B07050830), SDG.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Catalysts 09 00111 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the PdLn@Et-β-CD catalyst.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the PdLn@Et-β-CD catalyst.
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Catalysts 09 00111 g001 550
Figure 1. 1H NMR spectra of Et-β-CD and PdLn@Et-β-CD.
Figure 1. 1H NMR spectra of Et-β-CD and PdLn@Et-β-CD.
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Catalysts 09 00111 g002 550
Figure 2. FT-IR spectra of Et-β-CD and PdLn@Et-β-CD.
Figure 2. FT-IR spectra of Et-β-CD and PdLn@Et-β-CD.
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Catalysts 09 00111 g003 550
Figure 3. XRD patterns of Et-β-CD and PdLn@Et-β-CD.
Figure 3. XRD patterns of Et-β-CD and PdLn@Et-β-CD.
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Catalysts 09 00111 g004 550
Figure 4. Recycling procedure for PdLn@Et-β-CD.
Figure 4. Recycling procedure for PdLn@Et-β-CD.
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Figure 5. Recycling of PdLn@Et-β-CD.
Figure 5. Recycling of PdLn@Et-β-CD.
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Figure 6. 2D ROESY NMR spectrum (600 MHz) of the PdLn@Et-β-CD complex with BN. The solution contained deuterium oxide (D, 99.9%), BN (10 mM), and PdLn@Et-β-CD (10 mM). Mixing time: 400 ms.
Figure 6. 2D ROESY NMR spectrum (600 MHz) of the PdLn@Et-β-CD complex with BN. The solution contained deuterium oxide (D, 99.9%), BN (10 mM), and PdLn@Et-β-CD (10 mM). Mixing time: 400 ms.
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Figure 7. FT-IR spectra of PdLn@Et-β-CD, BN, a physical mixture of BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD (PM), and the BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD complex (IC).
Figure 7. FT-IR spectra of PdLn@Et-β-CD, BN, a physical mixture of BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD (PM), and the BN/PdLn@Et-β-CD complex (IC).
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Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of (a) PdLn@Et-β-CD, (b) 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene (BN), (c) their physical mixture, and (d) inclusion complex.
Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of (a) PdLn@Et-β-CD, (b) 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene (BN), (c) their physical mixture, and (d) inclusion complex.
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Figure 9. DSC of PdLn@Et-β-CD, 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene (BN), their physical mixture (PM), and inclusion complex (IC).
Figure 9. DSC of PdLn@Et-β-CD, 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene (BN), their physical mixture (PM), and inclusion complex (IC).
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Figure 10. Possible mechanism of Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction using PdLn@Et-β-CD. aryl halides (2a), oxdaive addition intermediate (A), phenyl from phenylboronic acid (1a), transmetallation intermediate (B).
Figure 10. Possible mechanism of Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction using PdLn@Et-β-CD. aryl halides (2a), oxdaive addition intermediate (A), phenyl from phenylboronic acid (1a), transmetallation intermediate (B).
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Table
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions a.
Table 1. Optimization of the reaction conditions a.
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EntryCatalyst (mol%)BaseTemperature (°C)Time (h)Yield (%) b
1PdLn@Et-β-CD (1)Na2CO360271
2PdLn@Et-β-CD (1)Cs2CO360276
3PdLn@Et-β-CD (1)K3PO460368
4PdLn@Et-β-CD (1)NaHCO360359
5PdLn@Et-β-CD (1)K2CO360190
6PdLn@Et-β-CD (1)-6014-
7PdLn@Et-β-CD (1.5)K2CO360190
8PdLn@Et-β-CD (2)K2CO360194
9PdLn@Et-β-CD (2.5)K2CO360194
10PdLn@Et-β-CD (3)K2CO360193
11PdLn@Et-β-CD (2)K2CO340672
12PdLn@Et-β-CD (2)K2CO350484
13PdLn@Et-β-CD (2)K2CO370194
14PdLn@Et-β-CD (2)K2CO390194
15PdLn@Et-β-CD (2)K2CO3100194
16β-CD (5)/Pd(OAc)2 (2.5)K2CO3601511
a Reactants: 1-bromo-4-nitrobenzene (2a, 1 mmol), (3-methoxyphenyl)boronic acid (1a, 1.2 mmol), catalyst PdLn@Et-β-CD, and water 3 mL. b Isolated yield.
Table
Table 2. Suzuki–coupling between aryl halides and arylboronic acids, catalyzed by PdLn@Et-β-CD a.
Table 2. Suzuki–coupling between aryl halides and arylboronic acids, catalyzed by PdLn@Et-β-CD a.
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EntryRArXCompoundYield (%) b
14-CH3O-C6H44-NO2Br3a94
2Ph4-NO2Br3b98
31-naphthalene4-NO2Br3c92
42,4-difluoro-C6H34-NO2Br3d90
52,4-difluoro-C6H34-OHBr3e91
62,4-(CF3)2-C6H34-NO2Br3f90
7Ph3-MeI3g95
8PhPhI3h98
91-naphthalene5-indoleBr3i90
10Ph2-phenylpropan-2-olBr3j93
11Ph4-OMeBr3k96
12Ph2-MeI3l97
13Ph4-MeI3m96
14Ph2-CHOBr3n90
15c3-CH3O-C6H44-OHBr3o95
162,4-(CF3)2-C6H34-OHBr3p91
17Ph2-PyI3q92
184-Cl-C6H44-OMeBr3r95
19Ph4-NO2Cl3s54
a The reaction conditions: arylboronic acid (1, 1.2 mmol), aryl halides (2, 1 mmol), PdLn@Et-β-CD catalyst (2 mol%), and K2CO3 (1.5 mmol) in water (4 mL) under air. b Isolated yield. cReactions were carried out using boronic ester.

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Shinde, V.V.; Jeong, D.; Jung, S. An Amino-Chain Modified β-cyclodextrin: A Supramolecular Ligand for Pd(OAc)2 Acceleration in Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions in Water. Catalysts 2019, 9, 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9020111

AMA Style

Shinde VV, Jeong D, Jung S. An Amino-Chain Modified β-cyclodextrin: A Supramolecular Ligand for Pd(OAc)2 Acceleration in Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions in Water. Catalysts. 2019; 9(2):111. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9020111

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shinde, Vijay Vilas, Daham Jeong, and Seunho Jung. 2019. "An Amino-Chain Modified β-cyclodextrin: A Supramolecular Ligand for Pd(OAc)2 Acceleration in Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions in Water" Catalysts 9, no. 2: 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9020111

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