Enhancing the Catalytic Activity of Eggshell-Derived CaO Catalyst and Its Application in Biodiesel Production from Waste Chicken Fat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Result and Discussions
2.1. FTIR Analysis
2.2. XRD Characterization
2.3. GC-MS Analysis
2.4. Effect of Reaction Parameters
2.4.1. Effect of Oil to Methanol Ratio
2.4.2. Effect of Catalyst Loading
2.4.3. Effect of Temperature
2.4.4. Effect of Reaction Time
2.4.5. Comparative Study of Biodiesel Yield from Waste Chicken Fat
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Oil-Extraction Method
3.2.2. Determination of Acid Value
3.2.3. Catalyst Synthesis and Characterization
3.2.4. Transesterification of Chicken Fat Oil
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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5% CaO-CH3NaO | 10% CaO-CH3NaO | 15% CaO-CH3NaO | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ret. Time | Composition | Mw | Ret. Time | Composition | Mw | Ret. Time | Composition | Mw |
8.23 | Cyclohexene,1-methyl-5 | 270 | 8.23 | Cyclohexene,1-methyl-5 | 128 | 8.22 | Methyl ethyl ester | 186 |
13.90 | 5-dimethyl-benzene methanol | 398 | 8.24 | Isobutyl ester | 128 | 11.09 | Encalyptol | 284 |
18.46 | 6-heptanoic acid, methyl ester | 438 | 11.41 | 3-methyl butyl ester | 284 | 14.84 | Cyclo hexene | 296 |
19.76 | 2,4-hexadenoic acid, methyl ester | 264 | 14.71 | 2-propenoic acid, methyl ester | 296 | 16.84 | Citronellol | 208 |
22.27 | 3-hexadiene-1-ol | 100 | 17.01 | 7-methylene-2,4,4-timethyl, methyl ester | 320 | 22.24 | 2-cyclo hexe-1one | 296 |
32.42 | 6- Octenoic acid | 214 | 17.61 | Mono-(2,2-dimethyl cyclo hexyl acid) ester | 250 | 26.34 | Napthalene | 156 |
33.49 | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 438 | 20.12 | Hexa decanoic acid, methyl ester | 138 | 29.86 | Docosaptenoic acid, methyl ester | 214 |
35.577 | Pentadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 466 | 26.62 | 6-octenoic acid, methyl ester | 284 | 33.64 | Hexa decenoic acid, methyl ester | 310 |
44.52 | 7-dimethyl-6-octenyl ester | 389 | 34.65 | Tetra methyl thioctic acid | 160 | 37.04 | Hepta deconic acid, methyl ester | 348 |
36.85 | 9-octenoic acid, methyl ester | 203 | 40.35 | 11-eicosenoic acid, methyl ester | 408 | |||
44.49 | Mono ethyl hexyl ester | 307 | 44.5 | Docasenoic acid, methyl ester | 450 |
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Saleem, M.; Jamil, F.; Qamar, O.A.; Akhter, P.; Hussain, M.; Khurram, M.S.; Al-Muhtaseb, A.H.; Inayat, A.; Shah, N.S. Enhancing the Catalytic Activity of Eggshell-Derived CaO Catalyst and Its Application in Biodiesel Production from Waste Chicken Fat. Catalysts 2022, 12, 1627. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121627
Saleem M, Jamil F, Qamar OA, Akhter P, Hussain M, Khurram MS, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Inayat A, Shah NS. Enhancing the Catalytic Activity of Eggshell-Derived CaO Catalyst and Its Application in Biodiesel Production from Waste Chicken Fat. Catalysts. 2022; 12(12):1627. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121627
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaleem, Muhammad, Farrukh Jamil, Obaid Ali Qamar, Parveen Akhter, Murid Hussain, Muhammad Shahzad Khurram, Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb, Abrar Inayat, and Noor Samad Shah. 2022. "Enhancing the Catalytic Activity of Eggshell-Derived CaO Catalyst and Its Application in Biodiesel Production from Waste Chicken Fat" Catalysts 12, no. 12: 1627. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121627