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Volume 11
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10.3390/catal11020160
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Review

Recent Developments in the Use of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalyst Based Materials for a Visible-Light-Induced Water-Splitting System—A Brief Review

by
Prabhakarn Arunachalam
1,2,*,
Keiji Nagai
3,
Mabrook S. Amer
1,2,4,
Mohamed A. Ghanem
1,2,
Rajabathar Jothi Ramalingam
2 and
Abdullah M. Al-Mayouf
1,2,4
1
Electrochemical Sciences Research, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
3
Division of Photoenergy Conversion Materials, Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-26 Suzukake-dai, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
4
K.A.CARE Energy Research and Innovation, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Catalysts 2021, 11(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020160
Submission received: 3 December 2020 / Revised: 6 January 2021 / Accepted: 11 January 2021 / Published: 25 January 2021
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Abstract

Visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photocatalytic water splitting systems featuring heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysts (oxynitrides, oxysulfides, organophotocatalysts) signify an environmentally friendly and promising approach for the manufacturing of renewable hydrogen fuel. Semiconducting electrode materials as the main constituents in the PEC water splitting system have substantial effects on the device’s solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency. Given the complication of the photocatalysis and photoelectrolysis methods, it is indispensable to include the different electrocatalytic materials for advancing visible-light-driven water splitting, considered a difficult challenge. Heterogeneous semiconductor-based materials with narrower bandgaps (2.5 to 1.9 eV), equivalent to the theoretical STH efficiencies ranging from 9.3% to 20.9%, are recognized as new types of photoabsorbents to engage as photoelectrodes for PEC water oxidation and have fascinated much consideration. Herein, we spotlight mainly on heterogenous semiconductor-based photoanode materials for PEC water splitting. Different heterogeneous photocatalysts based materials are emphasized in different groups, such as oxynitrides, oxysulfides, and organic solids. Lastly, the design approach and future developments regarding heterogeneous photocatalysts oxide electrodes for PEC applications and photocatalytic applications are also discussed.
Keywords: photoelectrochemistry; water oxidation; oxynitride; oxysulfide; visible light; organophotocatalyst photoelectrochemistry; water oxidation; oxynitride; oxysulfide; visible light; organophotocatalyst

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MDPI and ACS Style

Arunachalam, P.; Nagai, K.; Amer, M.S.; Ghanem, M.A.; Ramalingam, R.J.; Al-Mayouf, A.M. Recent Developments in the Use of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalyst Based Materials for a Visible-Light-Induced Water-Splitting System—A Brief Review. Catalysts 2021, 11, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020160

AMA Style

Arunachalam P, Nagai K, Amer MS, Ghanem MA, Ramalingam RJ, Al-Mayouf AM. Recent Developments in the Use of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalyst Based Materials for a Visible-Light-Induced Water-Splitting System—A Brief Review. Catalysts. 2021; 11(2):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020160

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arunachalam, Prabhakarn, Keiji Nagai, Mabrook S. Amer, Mohamed A. Ghanem, Rajabathar Jothi Ramalingam, and Abdullah M. Al-Mayouf. 2021. "Recent Developments in the Use of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalyst Based Materials for a Visible-Light-Induced Water-Splitting System—A Brief Review" Catalysts 11, no. 2: 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020160

APA Style

Arunachalam, P., Nagai, K., Amer, M. S., Ghanem, M. A., Ramalingam, R. J., & Al-Mayouf, A. M. (2021). Recent Developments in the Use of Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalyst Based Materials for a Visible-Light-Induced Water-Splitting System—A Brief Review. Catalysts, 11(2), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020160

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