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Article

Biological Activities of NHC–Pd(II) Complexes Based on Benzimidazolylidene N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands Bearing Aryl Substituents †

by
Ibrahim Al Nasr
1,2,
Nedra Touj
3,
Waleed Koko
2,
Tariq Khan
4,
Ismail Özdemir
5,6,
Sedat Yaşar
5,6 and
Naceur Hamdi
3,7,*
1
Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 52719, Saudi Arabia
3
Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technologies (LR16ES09), Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
4
Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, Qassim University, Ar Rass 52719, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, İnönü University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
6
Catalysis Research and Application Center, İnönü University, Malatya 44280, Turkey
7
Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 52719, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Dedicated to P.H. Dixneuf for his outstanding contribution to organometallic chemistry and catalysis.
Catalysts 2020, 10(10), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10101190
Submission received: 19 September 2020 / Revised: 6 October 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 / Published: 15 October 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis)
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Abstract

:
N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors (2a–i), their pyridine-enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation (PEPPSI)-themed palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes (3a–i) and palladium N-heterocyclic triphenylphosphines complexes (4a–i) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and LC–MS spectroscopic techniques. The (NHC)Pd(II) complexes 3–4 were tested against MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Candida albicans microorganisms, Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes, Toxoplasma gondii parasites, and Vero cells in vitro. The biological assays indicated that all compounds are highly active against cancer cells, with an IC50 < 1.5 µg mL−1. Eight compounds proved antibacterial and antileishmanial activities, while only three compounds had strong antifungal activities against C. albicans. In our conclusion, compounds 3 (b, f, g, and h) and 4b are the most suitable drug candidates for anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiparasitical.

1. Introduction

Since the discovery of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) [1], NHCs have emerged as efficient ligands, and their transition metal complexes have been widely applied as organometallic catalysts [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. In particular, NHC–Pd complexes have been utilized in coupling reactions [2,3,4]. In many cases, NHC–Pd complexes are formed in situ, which sometimes gives different results compared to those obtained with preformed compounds [9,10,11,12]. As a result, a series of well-defined NHC–Pd complexes were developed, and their catalytic activities were fully evaluated in organic transformations [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. The Pd(II)–NHC complexes are the foremost agents and are applied as catalytic agents in many organic reactions [27,28,29]. They are also promising candidates with diverse bioassays properties [19,30].
Based on the structural correlations between palladium and platinum complexes, Pd(II)-based complexes have become a group of antitumor compounds of interest with the same activities as Pt(II)-based compounds for metallotherapeutical uses [31]. However, despite their potential activity as antitumor agents, only a few numbers of Pd(II)–NHC compounds have been mentioned previously, but their antitumor activities were found to be more efficient [32,33,34]. There is similarity in the mode of action for both Pd(II) and Pt(II)–NHC by affecting directly the organelles of cancer cells [35]. In our recent results, we found the structure of Ag(I)–NHC compounds and respective benzimidazolium salt to be of potent antitumor property [36,37].
The aim of this work was to study the activities against cancer cells, Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Candida albicans, Leishmania major, Toxoplasma gondii of novel benzimidazolium salts 2a-i, PEPPSI-type N-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene complexes 3 and palladium N-heterocyclic triphenylphosphine complexes 4. In addition, their cytotoxicity was tested using Vero cells.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis and Characterization

N-heterocyclic carbene ligands have proven to be very useful for designing new metal complexes for catalysis. [38]. All of the benzimidazolium salts used as NHC precursors were prepared similarly by using the published procedures [39,40]. As shown in Scheme 1, benzimidazole salts 2a–2i were synthesized in good yields by quaternization of compound 1 in DMF at 70 °C for 3 days with the corresponding arylchlorides or bromides. The benzimidazolium salts 2a–2i are stable in air and moisture, both in the solid-state and in solution. They were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C{1H} NMR, IR, and elemental analysis techniques.
The structures of the benzimidazole salts 2 can be easily confirmed by the spectroscopic data of 1HNMR. The characteristic carbonic protons (NCHN) are located at 10.56, 11.06, 11.40, 11.24, 10.01, 10.81, 11.05, 11.23, and 11.27 ppm, respectively. The corresponding methylene protons appear at 4.94, 5.76; 4.91, 5.83; 4.89, 5.73; 4.87, 5.83; 4.83, 5.59; 4.81, 5.74; 4.73, 5.59; 4.78, 5.72; 4.79, and 5.73 ppm, respectively, which are comparable to the literature reported values [41,42,43,44]. As expected, the absence of pro-carbenic protons can be observed upon coordination of the benzimidazole salts with the palladium (II), confirming the formation of the NHC–Pd(II) complexes 3–4. In the 13C NMR spectra, the signals for the carbene carbon atoms of salts 2a–2i appear at 142.98, 143.67, 142.62, 142.79, 141.38, 142.32, 141.81, 141.78, and 141.81 ppm, respectively, which are consistent with signals for other NHC–Pd(II) complexes [45]. The Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3 were synthesized by treatment of the benzimidazolium salts 2 with the precursor PdCl2 in pyridine in the presence of an excess of potassium carbonate. These metal(II) complexes were obtained as colored solids in 75%–88% yield. Complexes 4 were obtained by substitution of the pyridine by the triphenylphosphine, with moderate yields (40%–49%) (Scheme 2).
The elemental analysis data of the Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex 3c is in agreement with the theoretical values for the synthesized complexes. The benzylic -CH2- proton signals H1′ and H1′′ for complex 3c as representatives were observed at 5.03 and 5.99 ppm, respectively, and the aromatic protons appeared at δ between 6.86 and 7.48 ppm whilst the pyridine protons were detected as three signals at 7.28, 7.70 and 8.95 ppm.
The carbene carbon signals of Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex 3c were observed at δ 163.37 ppm in the 13C NMR spectrum, while the C1′ and C1′′ carbon signals were at δ 48.76 and 53.31 ppm, respectively. The mass spectrum of the same complex gave the most prominent peak at m/z = 295.2.
The 1H NMR spectra of the Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4 showed less intense and downfield shifted signals of benzimidazoles compared to the free ligands. In the 13C NMR spectra of the complexes, a downfield shift in C=N resonance of the ligands upon complexation indicates the binding of benzimidazoles to palladium through the NHC carbene atom. The aromatic carbons of the benzene ring resonate between 112 and 152 ppm. The methyl peak in the Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4 is observed approximately between 16 and 34 ppm. These results are in agreement with the data of other such complexes [46,47,48,49].

2.2. Biological Evaluation

2.2.1. Anticancer Evaluation

Table 1 indicates that all of the compounds were highly efficient and active against the two types of cancer cells investigated in this study. Their IC50 were in the range of 1.4 to 0.3 µg mL−1. Regarding MCF7, 3g and 3f were the most active with IC50 = 0.518 and 0.675 µM, respectively.

2.2.2. Antimicrobial Activities

Table 2 indicates that 8 compounds had antibacterial activity against E. coli better than the reference drug, but 3g and 4f were the most potent with an inhibition zone (IZ) of 26.3 mm. The compounds 3f, 4f, and 4c were more active compounds than the reference drug against MRSA with IZ of 28.5, 28.0, and 27.0 mm, respectively. Compounds 3b, 3g, and 4e had the best antifungal activity against C. albicans with IZ of 32.0, 29.5, and 29.0 mm, respectively. Table 2 NHC metals, particularly silver synthesized compounds as well as copper derivatives, have been previously found to have potent antibacterial activities [50,51]. Our findings support the previous results.

2.2.3. Antileishmanial Activities

Table 3 shows that all of the compounds except 3e, 4g, and 4h possess antileishmanial activity against both L. major amastigotes and promastigotes in vitro with an IC50 less than 7 µg mL−1. Eight compounds had an IC50 less than 1.0 µg mL−1 against the two stages. Nine compounds had an IC50 less than 1.0 µg mL−1 against L. major amastigotes, namely, 3 (a–d, f, and h) and 4 (a, b, and i). In addition, 11 compounds showed an IC50 less than 1.0 µg mL−1 against L. major promastigotes, namely, 3 (a–d, f) and 4 (a–d, f, and i). The SI values of all active compounds were in the range of 6–46.6, which indicates the safety threshold of these compounds. Compound 4b was the most active and strongest among all of them with an IC50 less than 0.2 and 0.4 µg mL−1 against L. major amastigotes and promastigotes, respectively, with SI values greater than 24 and 12, respectively, better than the results of the amphotericin B (AmB) reference drug. In recent conducted investigations, NHC gold complexes showed promising antileishmanial activities against L. infantum promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro [52]. These results support our finding here for Pd(II)–NHC complexes 3–4 against L. major promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro.

2.2.4. Antitoxoplasmal Activities

Table 4 indicates that only 7 compounds possess good antitoxoplasmal activity against T. gondii in vitro with an IC50 less than 5 µg mL−1. These compounds are 3a, 3b, 3c, 3h, 4a, 4b, and 4c with IC50 of 4.2, 3.9, 4.6, 1.2, 4.8, 3.6, and 3.9 µg mL−1, respectively. However, their SI values were found to be less than 2. Although NHC carbene metal complexes with silver and gold derivatives were found in previous studies to show good antiparasitical activities against apicomplexan protozoa such as Plasmodium spp. [53], these findings are not in agreement with our results for (NHC) palladium metallic complexes against T. gondii.

3. Experimental Section

General Methods

All manipulations were carried out under argon using standard Schlenk line techniques. Chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Poole, Dorset, UK). The solvents used were purified by distillation and were transferred under argon. DMAc analytical grade (99%) was not distilled before use. KOAc (99%) was employed. Benzimidazoles salts 1–2, palladium PEPPSI complexes 3, palladium triphenylphosphine 4, and biological assays were done according to our previous work [40,52] and they are given in supplementary materials. Elemental analyses were performed by ElementarVario EL III Carlo Erba 1108 (Malatya, Turkey). The melting points of the complexes and NHC precursors were determined using Stuart automatic melting point apparatus (SMP-40) (Malatya, Turkey). IR spectra were recorded on ATR unit in the range of 400–4000 cm−1 with Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 Gladi ATR FT/IR Spectrophotometer (Malatya, Turkey). 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker Avance III HD spectrometer operating at 400 MHz (1H NMR) and at 100 MHz (13C NMR) in CDCl3 or DMSO-d6 (Malatya, Turkey). NMR multiplicities are abbreviated as follows: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, hept = heptet, and m = multiplet signal. The NMR studies were carried out in high-quality 5-mm NMR tubes. The chemical shifts (d) are reported in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane for 1H, 13C NMR spectra as standard. Coupling constants (J values) are given in hertz. The HRMS (ESI) electrospray ionization mass spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu LCMS-IT-Toff spectrometer in CH3CN/CHCl3. (Malatya, Turkey) Column chromatography was performed using silica gel 60 (70–230 mesh).

4. Conclusions

In this work, Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4 have been already synthesized and characterized starting from benzimidazolium salts (2a-i). The molecular structures of the benzimidazolium salts (2a-i) and the Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4 have been characterized by elemental analysis and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra. The present results indicate that all of the synthesized Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4 had potent anticancer activity, particularly 3g, 3f, 3h, and 4i. The compounds 3f, 3g, and 4c are the most active antibacterial drugs, while 3b, 3g, and 4e proved to be very strong antifungals. In this investigation, 8 compounds were found to be most active against both L. major promastigotes and amastigotes with high SI values. Compound 4b had the most potent activity against L. major. These candidates need more investigations of their mode of action and drug standardization.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/10/10/1190/s1. Figure S1. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 3a in CDCl3, Figure S2. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 3a in CDCl3, Figure S3. HRMS spectra of complex 3a, Figure S4. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 3b in CDCl3, Figure S5. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 3b in CDCl3, Figure S6. HRMS spectra of complex 3b, Figure S7. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 3c in CDCl3, Figure S8. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 3c in CDCl3, Figure S9. HRMS spectrum of complex 3c, Figure S10. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 3d in CDCl3, Figure S11. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 3d in CDCl3, Figure S12. HRMS spectra of complex 3d, Figure S13. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 3e in CDCl3, Figure S14. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 3e in CDCl3, Figure S15. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 3f in CDCl3, Figure S16. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 3f in CDCl3, Figure S17. HRMS spectra of complex 3f, Figure S18. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 3g in CDCl3, Figure S19. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 3g in CDCl3, Figure S20. HRMS spectra of complex 3g, Figure S21. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 3h in CDCl3, Figure S22. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 3h in CDCl3, Figure S23. HRMS spectra of complex 3h, Figure S24. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 3i in CDCl3, Figure S25. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 3i in CDCl3, Figure S26. HRMS spectra of complex 3h, Figure S27. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 4a in CDCl3, Figure S28. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 4e in CDCl3, Figure S29. 31P NMR spectrum of complex 4a in CDCl3, Figure S30. HRMS spectra of complex 4a, Figure S31. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 4b in CDCl3, Figure S32. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 4b in CDCl3, Figure S33. 31P NMR spectrum of complex 4b in CDCl3, Figure S34. HRMS spectra of complex 4b, Figure S35. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 4c in CDCl3, Figure S36. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 4c in CDCl3, Figure S37. 31P NMR spectrum of complex 4c in CDCl3, Figure S38. HRMS spectra of complex 4c, Figure S39. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 4d in CDCl3, Figure S40. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 4d in CDCl3, Figure S41. 31P NMR spectrum of complex 4d in CDCl3, Figure S42. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 4e in CDCl3, Figure S43. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 4e in CDCl3, Figure S44. 31P NMR spectrum of complex 4e in CDCl3, Figure S45. HRMS spectra of complex 4b, Figure S46. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 4f in CDCl3, Figure S47. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 4f in CDCl3, Figure S48. 31P NMR spectrum of complex 4f in CDCl3, Figure S49. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 4g in CDCl3, Figure S50. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 4g in CDCl3, Figure S51. 31P NMR spectrum of complex 4g in CDCl3, Figure S 52. 1H NMR spectrum of complex 4h in CDCl3, Figure S53. 13C NMR spectrum of complex 4h in CDCl3, Figure S54. 31P NMR spectrum of complex 4h in CDCl3, Figure S55. HRMS spectra of complex 4h.

Author Contributions

I.A.N. and N.T. contributed equally. T.K. contributed on achieving biological assays; N.H. and. W.K. writing—original draft preparation; I.Ö., S.Y. and N.H. writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

Researchers would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Qassim University for funding publication of this project.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Catalysts 10 01190 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Protocol synthesis of benzimidazolium salts 2a–2i.
Scheme 1. Protocol synthesis of benzimidazolium salts 2a–2i.
Catalysts 10 01190 sch001
Catalysts 10 01190 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Protocol synthesis of Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4.
Scheme 2. Protocol synthesis of Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4.
Catalysts 10 01190 sch002
Table
Table 1. Anticancer activity of Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4.
Table 1. Anticancer activity of Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4.
Pd(II)–NHC Complexes 3–4Anticancer Activity
IC50 in µM
MCF7MDA-MB-231
3a1.1801.011
3b1.4160.885
3c1.2701.452
3d1.6771.304
3e1.2881.127
3f0.6751.012
3g0.5181.036
3h1.0620.708
3i1.8121.318
4a1.1601.546
4b1.8710.936
4c1.4991.226
4d1.1111.25
4e1.4171.031
4f1.1811.05
4g0.8020.936
4h1.1390.886
4i0.6 ± 0.040.4 ± 0.03
Table
Table 2. Antimicrobial profile of synthesized derivative Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4.
Table 2. Antimicrobial profile of synthesized derivative Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4.
Pd(II)–NHC Complexes 3–4 aAntimicrobial Activity
(50 µg/disc)
E.coliMRSAC.albicans
3a20.3 ± 1.117.4 ± 0.318.0 ± 0.2
3b18.3 ± 1.617.5 ± 0.432.0 ± 0.3
3c19.3 ± 0.619.0 ± 0.112.0 ± 0.3
3d18.3 ± 0.615.0 ± 1.019.0 ± 0.6
3e12.0 ± 0.618.0 ± 0.820.0 ± 0.7
3f25.0 ± 0.428.5 ± 2.526.0 ± 0.0
3g26.3 ± 1.826.5 ± 1.429.5 ± 1.4
3h22.4 ± 0.623.0 ± 0.128.0 ± 0.0
3i19.0 ± 1.218.5 ± 0.620.0 ± 0.8
4a25.0 ± 0.522.0 ± 0.426.0 ± 0.9
4b23.0 ± 0.526.0 ± 0.527.0 ± 0.5
4c25.0 ± 0.627.0 ± 0.528.0 ± 0.3
4d18.5 ± 2.219.5 ± 0.619.0 ± 0.4
4e19.3 ± 1.518.5 ± 0.629.0 ± 0.7
4f26.3 ± 0.628.0 ± 0.015.0 ± 0.9
4g18.3 ± 0.615.0 ± 1.522.0 ± 0.8
4h24.0 ± 0.620.0 ± 0.323.0 ± 0.9
4i22.0 ± 1.024.5 ± 2.526.0 ± 0.0
Tetracycline22.3 ± 1.526.5 ± 1.5-
Fluconazole--28.0 ± 0.8
Values are mean, value ± standard deviation of three different replicates. a The concentration was 50 µg.
Table
Table 3. Antileishmanial activity of Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4 against L. major promastigotes and amastigotes.
Table 3. Antileishmanial activity of Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4 against L. major promastigotes and amastigotes.
Pd(II)–(NHC)
Complexes 3–4		CC50 of Vero Cells
at µg mL−1		Amastigote IC50
at µg mL−1		Promastigotes IC50
at µg mL−1		Amastigote SIPromastigote SI
3a6.1 ± 1.80.5 ± 0.070.5 ± 0.0912.212.2
3b3.6 ± 1.20.3 ± 0.040.6 ± 0.0712.06.0
3c6.6 ± 1.70.4 ± 0.050.6 ± 0.1116.411.0
3d28.0 ± 3.60.6 ± 0.090.7 ± 0.1346.639.9
3e22.8 ± 3.317.4 ± 3.87.6 ± 1.91.33.0
3f16.4 ± 2.80.7 ± 0.120.6 ± 0.0923.427.3
3g29.8 ± 6.42.7 ± 0.63.2 ± 0.711.19.3
3h1.8 ± 0.70.7 ± 0.091.6 ± 0.32.61.1
3i15.9 ± 3.02.9 ± 0.86.3 ± 2.05.52.5
4a8.9 ± 2.90.3 ± 0.070.4 ± 0.0729.22.4
4b4.8 ± 1.5<0.20.4 ± 0.08>2412.0
4c4.9 ± 1.11.1 ± 0.60.8 ± 0.064.56.2
4d6.1 ± 1.61.6 ± 0.70.4 ± 0.033.815.2
4e13.1 ± 2.72.4 ± 0.91.6 ± 0.55.58.2
4f19.9 ± 3.21.7 ± 0.70.5 ± 0.0711.739.8
4g34.4 ± 6.62.9 ± 0.915.4 ± 2.811.92.2
4h35.4 ± 5.914.3 ± 2.632.8 ± 6.12.51.1
4i9.9 ± 2.80.5 ± 0.030.9 ± 0.119.811.0
AmB7.4 ± 2.640.46 ± 0.070.78 ± 0.0916.099.49
Table
Table 4. Antitoxoplasmal activity of Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4 against T. gondii.
Table 4. Antitoxoplasmal activity of Pd(II)–N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes 3–4 against T. gondii.
Pd(II)–NHC
Complexes 3–4		CC50 of Vero
Cells at µg mL−1		Antitoxoplasma
IC50 at µg mL−1		SI
3a6.1 ± 1.84.2 ± 0.91.5
3b3.6 ± 1.23.9 ± 0.90.9
3c6.6 ± 1.74.6 ± 1.11.4
3d28.0 ± 3.618 ± 3.61.6
3e22.8 ± 3.38.1 ± 1.92.8
3f16.4 ± 2.813.8 ± 2.71.2
3g29.8 ± 6.418.1 ± 2.81.6
3h1.8 ± 0.71.2 ± 0.21.5
3i15.9 ± 3.08.5 ± 1.71.9
4a8.9 ± 2.94.8 ± 1.11.9
4b4.8 ± 1.53.6 ± 0.91.3
4c4.9 ± 1.13.9 ± 0.81.3
4d6.1 ± 1.611.9 ± 2.00.5
4e13.1 ± 2.76.3 ± 1.82.1
4f19.9 ± 3.238.4 ± 6.50.5
4g34.4 ± 6.625.3 ± 4.11.4
4h35.4 ± 5.921.7 ± 4.31.6
4i9.9 ± 2.87.8 ± 1.71.3
ATO
Atovaquone is an
antitoxoplasma reference drug		9.3 ± 2.080.09 ± 0.02103.33
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Al Nasr, I.; Touj, N.; Koko, W.; Khan, T.; Özdemir, I.; Yaşar, S.; Hamdi, N. Biological Activities of NHC–Pd(II) Complexes Based on Benzimidazolylidene N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands Bearing Aryl Substituents. Catalysts 2020, 10, 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10101190

AMA Style

Al Nasr I, Touj N, Koko W, Khan T, Özdemir I, Yaşar S, Hamdi N. Biological Activities of NHC–Pd(II) Complexes Based on Benzimidazolylidene N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands Bearing Aryl Substituents. Catalysts. 2020; 10(10):1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10101190

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Al Nasr, Ibrahim, Nedra Touj, Waleed Koko, Tariq Khan, Ismail Özdemir, Sedat Yaşar, and Naceur Hamdi. 2020. "Biological Activities of NHC–Pd(II) Complexes Based on Benzimidazolylidene N-heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands Bearing Aryl Substituents" Catalysts 10, no. 10: 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10101190

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