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Article

AQI-HNS: A Security-Aware Hybrid Framework for Quantum-Inspired Image Encryption and Neural Image Hiding with Cross-Dataset Evaluation

1
Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
2
Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Informatics, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Computers 2026, 15(10), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15100671
Submission received: 20 August 2026 / Revised: 24 September 2026 / Accepted: 28 September 2026 / Published: 1 October 2026
(This article belongs to the Section ICT Infrastructures for Cybersecurity)

Abstract

Digital-image protection often requires two safeguards at once: the content must remain unintelligible to an unauthorized reader, and the communication itself should not be conspicuous. We introduce AQI-HNS, an encryption-first framework that couples a reversible four-dimensional fractional-map cipher with a security-aware neural hiding channel. Session material is derived from a uniformly generated 256-bit master key and a public 96-bit nonce through HKDF-HMAC-SHA3-512. The encryption stage combines stable chaotic permutation, pre- and post-whitening, and a six-round SHAKE256 wide-block Feistel transformation. Evaluation on 100 Kodak and category-balanced USC-SIPI images at 256 × 256 RGB resolution produced byte-exact decryption in every case. Mean ciphertext entropy was 7.9991 bits per byte, adjacent-byte correlations were close to zero, mean fixed-session NPCR was 99.6098%, and mean UACI was 33.4599%. Across 559 one-byte plaintext perturbations, mean NPCR was 99.6094% and mean UACI was 33.4616%. A coarse timing-dependence screen produced maximum absolute Spearman correlations of 0.0905 for encryption and 0.2206 for decryption; these are empirical diagnostics rather than security proofs. The hiding stage uses attention-guided residual embedding, straight-through 8-bit quantization, independent steganalysis, and a multi-scale blind decoder. All neural development and checkpoint selection were confined to DIV2K. At 0.25 bits per pixel, the selected internal checkpoint achieved a mean BER of 0.0190, a P95 BER of 0.0798, and a mean PSNR of 37.35 dB. Frozen external evaluation yielded a mean BER of 0.0625 on 500 COCO images and 0.0597 on 500 ImageNet validation images, confirming a cross-domain recovery weakness. Two learned residual-domain detectors trained only on DIV2K transferred strongly: SRNet AUCs were 0.9967 internally, 0.9910 on COCO, and 0.9988 on ImageNet, while XuNet-style AUCs were 0.9891, 0.9458, and 0.9775, respectively. Finally, a 196,608-byte v6 ciphertext was transported across 385 covers at 0.25 bpp; the recovered ciphertext BER was 0.0284, only 2 of 385 blocks were exact, and the hash/integrity checks failed. The present uncoded neural channel therefore does not provide reliable byte-exact ciphertext transport, and the learned-steganalysis results rule out any claim of undetectability under the tested detectors.
Keywords: quantum-inspired image encryption; wide-block Feistel transformation; neural image hiding; security-aware steganography; blind payload recovery; cross-dataset evaluation; steganalysis quantum-inspired image encryption; wide-block Feistel transformation; neural image hiding; security-aware steganography; blind payload recovery; cross-dataset evaluation; steganalysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gad, M.; Sakr, N.A.; Hikal, N.A.; Hosny, K.M. AQI-HNS: A Security-Aware Hybrid Framework for Quantum-Inspired Image Encryption and Neural Image Hiding with Cross-Dataset Evaluation. Computers 2026, 15, 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15100671

AMA Style

Gad M, Sakr NA, Hikal NA, Hosny KM. AQI-HNS: A Security-Aware Hybrid Framework for Quantum-Inspired Image Encryption and Neural Image Hiding with Cross-Dataset Evaluation. Computers. 2026; 15(10):671. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15100671

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gad, Mahmoud, Nehal A. Sakr, Noha A. Hikal, and Khalid M. Hosny. 2026. "AQI-HNS: A Security-Aware Hybrid Framework for Quantum-Inspired Image Encryption and Neural Image Hiding with Cross-Dataset Evaluation" Computers 15, no. 10: 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15100671

APA Style

Gad, M., Sakr, N. A., Hikal, N. A., & Hosny, K. M. (2026). AQI-HNS: A Security-Aware Hybrid Framework for Quantum-Inspired Image Encryption and Neural Image Hiding with Cross-Dataset Evaluation. Computers, 15(10), 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15100671

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