Familial Non-Hereditary Gastric Cancer: Diagnosis, Management, Molecular Characteristics and Future Perspective
Abstract
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Definition and Classification of Familial Gastric Cancer
3.1. Hereditary Gastric Cancer Syndromes
3.2. Familial Non-Hereditary Gastric Cancer
Summary and Taxonomy of Familial Gastric Cancer Without High-Penetrance Germline Mutations
4. Etiology and Risk Factors for FNHGC
4.1. Helicobacter Pylori
4.2. Precursor Lesions (Gastric Atrophy, Intestinal Metaplasia and Dysplasia)
4.3. Diet and Lifestyle
4.4. Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)
4.5. Host Genetic Susceptibility
4.6. Autoimmune Gastritis
5. Molecular Characteristics of Familial Gastric Cancer
5.1. Somatic Mutation Profiles in FNHGC
5.2. Epigenetic Alterations in FNHGC
5.3. Candidate Predisposition Genes
6. Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management
Identification and Surveillance of High-Risk Families
7. Future Perspectives and Research Directions
7.1. Discovery of New Predisposition Genes
7.2. Molecular Profiling and Biomarkers
7.3. Preventive Strategies
7.4. Improved Screening and Early Detection
7.5. Interdisciplinary Care and Registries
7.6. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GC | Gastric cancer |
FNHGC | Familial non-hereditary gastric cancer |
FIGC | Familial intestinal gastric cancer |
HDGC | Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer |
GAPPS | Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach |
H. pylori | Helicobacter pylori |
EBV | Epstein–Barr Virus |
MSI | Microsatellite instability |
CIN | Chromosomal instability |
SNPs | Single-nucleotide polymorphisms |
TCGA | The Cancer Genome Atlas |
AIG | Autoimmune gastritis |
OLGA | Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment |
OLGIM | Operative Link on Gastritis Intestinal Metaplasia |
EGD | Esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
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Hereditary Gastric Cancer Syndrome | Genes Involved |
---|---|
Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer | CDH1 and CTNNA1 |
GAPPS | APC (gene promotor) |
Lynch syndrome | MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 and EPCAM |
Li–Fraumeni syndrome | TP53 |
Juvenile polyposis | BMPR1A, SMAD4 |
Familial adenomatous polyposis | APC, MUTYH |
Peutz–Jeghers syndrome | STK11 |
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome | BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 and others |
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Pardo, C.; Luzko, I.; Castillo-Iturra, J.; Cantú-Germano, E.; Moreira, L. Familial Non-Hereditary Gastric Cancer: Diagnosis, Management, Molecular Characteristics and Future Perspective. Cancers 2025, 17, 3209. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193209
Pardo C, Luzko I, Castillo-Iturra J, Cantú-Germano E, Moreira L. Familial Non-Hereditary Gastric Cancer: Diagnosis, Management, Molecular Characteristics and Future Perspective. Cancers. 2025; 17(19):3209. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193209
Chicago/Turabian StylePardo, Carlos, Irina Luzko, Joaquín Castillo-Iturra, Elisa Cantú-Germano, and Leticia Moreira. 2025. "Familial Non-Hereditary Gastric Cancer: Diagnosis, Management, Molecular Characteristics and Future Perspective" Cancers 17, no. 19: 3209. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193209
APA StylePardo, C., Luzko, I., Castillo-Iturra, J., Cantú-Germano, E., & Moreira, L. (2025). Familial Non-Hereditary Gastric Cancer: Diagnosis, Management, Molecular Characteristics and Future Perspective. Cancers, 17(19), 3209. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193209