Intraoperative Flow Cytometry for the Rapid Diagnosis and Validation of Surgical Clearance of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: A Prospective Clinical Feasibility Study
by
, , , and
Georgios Markopoulos
1
,
Evangeli Lampri
2
,
Ioulia Tragani
2,
Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
3
,
Georgios Vartholomatos
1 and
Konstantinos Seretis
4,* 1
Haematology Laboratory-Unit of Molecular Biology and Translational Flow Cytometry, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
2
Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
3
Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
4
Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2024, 16(4), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16040682
Submission received: 4 January 2024
/
Revised: 20 January 2024
/
Accepted: 2 February 2024
/
Published: 6 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Detection of Cancer and Its Recurrence – Technologies and Biomarkers to Enhance Clinical Translation)
Simple Summary
There is escalating incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which is the most prevalent cancer in humans. Our current research introduces intraoperative flow cytometry (iFC) as a diagnostic tool for NMSC and its surgical margins. Flow cytometry is instrumental in measuring and quantifying cell attributes. We conducted a pilot study involving patients diagnosed with NMSC. Our findings underscore the potential of iFC as an invaluable tool in characterizing NMSC and ensuring tumor-free resection margins. Given the technique’s proven efficacy in other cancer types, we believe iFC offers a promising avenue for enhancing complete tumor excision rates in NMSC treatment.
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in humans, with a high global incidence. We present a prospective clinical feasibility study on the use of intraoperative flow cytometry (iFC) for the instant diagnosis of NMSC and its complete surgical clearance. Flow cytometry, a laser-based technique, quantifies cell features, which has applications in cancer research. This study aim is to explore the potential applicability of iFC in detecting and characterizing NMSC and its surgical margins. In total, 30 patients who underwent diagnosis for NMSC were recruited. The method demonstrated high sensitivity (95.2%) and specificity (87.1%), with an accuracy of 91.1%, as confirmed with a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The results also indicated that most tumors were diploid, with two cases being hypoploid. The average G0/G1 fractions for normal and tumor tissue samples were 96.03 ± 0.30% and 88.03 ± 1.29%, respectively, with the tumor index escalating from 3.89 ± 0.30% to 11.95 ± 1.29% in cancerous cells. These findings underscore iFC’s capability for precise intraoperative NMSC characterization and margin evaluation, promising enhanced complete tumor excision rates. Given the technique’s successful application in various other malignancies, its implementation in NMSC diagnosis and treatment holds significant promise and warrants further research in clinical trials.
