Mucins as Potential Biomarkers for Early Detection of Cancer
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Mucin Deregulation in Cancer
3. Mucins as Cancer Biomarkers
4. Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Mucin Biomarkers
5. Breast Cancer Early Detection and Mucin Biomarkers
6. Role of Mucins in the Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer
7. Colorectal Cancer Screening and Mucin Biomarkers
8. Mucins in Early Detection of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
9. Mucin Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
10. Mucin Biomarkers in Liver Cancer
11. Mucin Autoantibodies for Early Cancer Detection
12. Circulating Exosomes as a Cancer Biomarker
13. Conclusions and Future Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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S. No. | Sample(s) | Mucin(s)/Combination | Stage of Detection | Readout | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-A: Lung cancer | |||||
1 | Serum samples/ tumor tissues (IHC/ELISA), n = 80 samples | MUC16, IL6 | NSCLC | High MUC16 and IL6 can be used to detect LC from liquid biopsies as they are positively associated with distant organ metastasis. | [101] |
2 | Exosomes from cell lines and patient plasma samples (n = 27 samples) | MUC1 | NSCLC | MUC1 is enriched in the exosomes of cancer cell lines and patients (plasma) and can be used to detect NSCLC at an early stage. | [95] |
3 | Serum samples (n = 633) | CEA + CA125(MUC16) or CY211/NSE/SCC | NSCLC | The combination marker for NSCLC screening is CEA + CA125 (with positive cut-off range of 0.577CEA + 0.035CA125 ng/mL). | [106] |
4 | Serum samples (n = 289 suspected/unconfirmed, and n = 417 NSCLC, n = 96 SCLC) | CA125, CA19.9, CA15.3, TAG72-3, CYFRA21-1, CEA, SCC, NSE | NSCLC and SCLC | High CA125, CA15-3, CEA, CYFRA21-1, SCC, and TAG72-3 are early markers for NSCLC. High serum expression of CEA, TAG72-3, CA15-3, and CA125 denotes adenocarcinoma. High SCC, CEA, and CYFRA21-1 indicate squamous carcinoma. | [105] |
1-B: Breast cancer | |||||
1 | Serum sample (n = 248 samples) | CA15-3(MUC1) and chemerin | Breast cancer and benign breast tumor patients | High chemerin with CA15-3 in the serum samples provided better diagnostic performance and could be used to characterize histologic grades. | [109] |
2 | Plasma samples (n = 200 BC patient, n = 47 benign breast lesions samples) | CEA and CA15-3 | Breast cancer and benign breast lesions | High CEA and CA15-3 are seen in early-stage and cancer patients with node or distant organ metastasis. | [110] |
3 | Serum and tumor tissues (n = 433 samples) | MUC1 | Primary and metastatic breast cancer tissues | High MUC1 in circulation/serum at the early stage can be detected in advance (two years before compared to other detection methods). Inclusion with multi-model screening strategies may diagnose tumors in women missed by mammography and irrespective of breast tissue density. | [111] |
1-C: Ovarian cancer | |||||
1 | Serum samples (n = 46 stage 1 OC, n = 237 benign pelvic masses, n = 204 healthy controls) | CA125, M-CSF, and OVX1 | Stage1 ovarian cancer, benign pelvic masses, and healthy women | A panel of CA125, M-CSF, and OVX1 tumor markers can identify early-stage ovarian cancer with extremely high sensitivity and moderate specificity. | [112] |
2 | Serum sample (n = 71 early-stage and n = 45 late-stage OC patients, n = 131 healthy controls) | OPN, MIF, IL8 AAb, and CA125 | Early- and late-stage ovarian cancer patients | Combining OPN, MIF, IL8, and CA125 enhances the sensitivity of detection of OC patients compared to healthy controls. | [113] |
3 | Serum specimens (n = 75 invasive epithelial ovarian cancer and n = 547 healthy controls) | HE4 + CA72-4 and CA125 | Pre-clinical invasive epithelial ovarian cancer and healthy controls | Combining HE4 + CA72-4 complements CA125 as a biomarker panel for longitudinal screening by multiplex assay. | [114] |
4 | Serum samples (n = 118 patients with ovarian tumors) | CA 15–3 and CA 27.29 | Malignant and benign disease. | The serum concentration of CA 15–3 and CA 27.29 increased in malignant than in patients with benign disease. | [115] |
5 | Serum sample; n = 123 patients, either benign (n = 83 patients) or malignant (n = 40 patients) | CA15-3, CA27.29, and Panko Mab | Benign patients and malignant disease of the ovaries | PankoMab (anti-MUC1 antibody) has strong diagnostic potential in discriminating sera from patients with benign ovarian diseases vs. normal sera. | [116] |
1-D: Colorectal cancer | |||||
1 | Serum panel (CEA, CA19-9, CK1, and MUC1) (n = 150 colon cancer, n = 50 benign, and n = 35 healthy controls) | CEA, CA19-9, CK1, and MUC1 | Early-stage, benign, and healthy controls | Serum levels of CEA, CA19-9, CK1, and MUC1 gradually increase in benign disease to colon cancer compared to healthy controls. | [15] |
2 | Serum sample (n = 279 colorectal cancer patients vs. healthy controls) | CEA + CA19-9 + CA72-4 + CA125 + ferritin | Diagnostic potential and tumor status in CRC | Combining CEA + CA19-9 + CA72-4 + CA125 + ferritin has the diagnostic potential and evaluates the tumor status in colorectal cancer. | [117] |
3 | Serum and tissue sample (n = 22 CRC patients vs. healthy controls) | MUC1, MUC2 | Early- and late-stage CRC patients | Increased MUC1 protein was observed in serum of late-stage CRC patients compared to control, whereas MUC2 was downregulated in CRC patients, as analyzed in tissue samples. | [118] |
4 | Patients (n = 373) with CRC evaluated pre- and post-surgery | CEA, CA19-9, CA125, CYFRA21-1, and CA72-4 | Colorectal cancer patients | Combination of CEA, CA19-9, CA125, CYFRA21-1, and CA72-4 correlates with poor tumor differentiation and metastasis | [119] |
5 | Serum sample (n = 322 CRC patients vs. healthy controls) | CA125 and CEA | Colorectal cancer patients | CA125 turns out to be an independent prognostic factor in CRC with greater reliability than CEA. | [120] |
6 | Serum sample (n = 28 normal, n = 41 CRC/PC sera at 1 month, n = 33 CRC/PC sera at 2 months, and n = 25 CRC/PC sera at 3 months) | MUC5AC (NPC-1C Ab) | Colorectal/pancreatic cancer | MUC5AC(NPC-1C) antibody can discriminate the serum of cancer patients from normal donors in colorectal and pancreatic cancer. | [121] |
1-E: Pancreatic cancer | |||||
1 | Serum and tissue samples (n = 346 samples) | MUC5AC, CA19-9 | CP, early-stage resectable vs. late-stage non-resectable PC | Differentiates between early- and late-stage PC, and PC from CP. | [122] |
2 | Serum sample; early-stage PC (n = 30), late-stage PC (n = 31), 29 benign controls, 25 CPs, and 34 healthy controls | MUC5AC, CA19-9 | CP vs. early PC And early vs. late PC, compared to healthy controls | Serum MUC5AC in patients with PC (210.1 (100.5–423.8) ng/mL) and combined biomarker panel (MUC5AC and CA19-9) showed a better performance. | [123] |
3 | Serum sample (n = 92 samples) | CA19.9, CA125, CEA, and CA242 | Normal, benign, and PC | The combination panel enhanced the diagnostic efficiency. | [124] |
4 | Pancreatic juice (n = 191 samples) | MUC1, MUC2, and MUC4 | IPMNs and PC | DNA methylation status differentiates between intestinal-type and gastric-type IPMNs. | [125] |
5 | Serum sample (n = 31 samples) | CA19.9, CA125, CEA, and CA242 | PDAC patients undergoing cryoablation therapy | CA19.9, CEA, and TSGF for treatment assessment; CA242 for tumor staging, LN, and liver metastasis; TSGF for tumor differentiation. | [126] |
6 | Blood sample (n = 369 samples) | CA125 and CD4/CD8 ratio | Advanced-stage PDAC patients | Better prognosis with combined CA125 and CD4/CD8 ratio. | [127] |
1-F: Prostate cancer | |||||
1 | Serum samples and tissues biopsy (n = 57 samples) | Sialylated MUC1 and PSA | Clinical stages and prognosis | Sialylated MUC1 increases with disease progression. | [128] |
2 | Serum samples (n = 11 patients) | Serum MUC16/CA-125 | Tumor type or metastasis | PCa patient with elevated serum MUC16 (CA-125) had a high chance of persistent urinary symptoms and visceral metastasis. | [129] |
3 | Serum samples (n = 303 patients with benign and malignant disease) | Comparison of serum MUC1 and PSA | Benign vs. malignant disease | Elevated MUC1 (91% specificity) in benign disease, also high MUC1 in PSA-negative samples. | [130] |
4 | Serum samples | Serum anti-MUC1 antibodies and natural antigen for prostate | Early detection | High level of MUC1 antibodies in the early stages of PCa. | [131] |
1-G: Liver cancer | |||||
1 | Serum samples of n = 115 HCC patients with a history of amebic hepatic abscess (62 patients), chronic hepatitis (40 patients), and acute viral hepatitis (41 patients) | Comparison of MUC16 and AFP serum level | HCC vs. benign hepatic disease | CA125 is a highly sensitive marker for HCC but lacks specificity. | [132] |
2 | Serum samples from HCC patients | MUC16 and AFP analysis | HCC vs. normal controls | MUC16 could complement AFP in diagnosing HCC. MUC16 is more sensitive than AFP (92% vs. 58.8%). | [133] |
3 | Serum samples of n = 3440 HCC patients underwent curative hepatectomy | MUC16 and AFP | Retrospective, HCC vs. normal individuals | Elevated preoperative MUC16 in 409 patients, correlated with younger age, females, and higher AFP level. CA125 served as an independent prognostic factor of OS and RFS. | [134] |
4 | Serum samples of n = 306 hepatitis-B-virus-related HCC patients | MUC16 and AFP | Preoperative HCC patients | A high MUC16 level was found to be risk factor for OS and DFS and correlated with the worst prognosis. | [135] |
5 | Serum sample from HCC patients (n = 27), CC patients (n = 8), metastatic liver cancer patients (30), healthy controls (n = 19) | MUC1 (KL-6) | Established HCC and CC | Significant differences in MUC16 levels of CC and HCC patients were seen compared to controls. All CC patients and 18.5% of HSS patients showed positivity above the cut-off (248 U/mL). | [136] |
6 | Serum sample of HCC patients (n = 144) who underwent complete radiofrequency ablation of primary HCC. | Wisteria Floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-positive sialylated MUC1 | HCC patients after radiofrequency ablation | WFA-positive MUC1 correlated with HCC recurrence and was found to be associated with histological features of HCC. | [137] |
7 | Serum samples of n = 427 HCC patients with serum AFP level ≤200 ng/mL | MUC16 level analysis with cut off 30 U/mL | Preoperative serum analysis | CA125 levels were associated with maximum tumor diameter (>5 cm) and CA125 was found to be an independent risk factor of DFS and OS. | [138] |
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Gautam, S.K.; Khan, P.; Natarajan, G.; Atri, P.; Aithal, A.; Ganti, A.K.; Batra, S.K.; Nasser, M.W.; Jain, M. Mucins as Potential Biomarkers for Early Detection of Cancer. Cancers 2023, 15, 1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15061640
Gautam SK, Khan P, Natarajan G, Atri P, Aithal A, Ganti AK, Batra SK, Nasser MW, Jain M. Mucins as Potential Biomarkers for Early Detection of Cancer. Cancers. 2023; 15(6):1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15061640
Chicago/Turabian StyleGautam, Shailendra K., Parvez Khan, Gopalakrishnan Natarajan, Pranita Atri, Abhijit Aithal, Apar K. Ganti, Surinder K. Batra, Mohd W. Nasser, and Maneesh Jain. 2023. "Mucins as Potential Biomarkers for Early Detection of Cancer" Cancers 15, no. 6: 1640. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15061640