Evaluation of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Antineoplastic Drugs—An Overview
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Mechanisms of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
3. Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Response to Antineoplastic
3.1. Alkylating Agents
3.1.1. Metal Salts
3.1.2. Mustard Gas Derivates
3.2. Antitumor Antibiotics
3.2.1. Anthracyclines
3.2.2. Non-Anthracyclines
3.3. Spindle Inhibitors
3.3.1. Taxanes
3.3.2. Topoisomerase Inhibitors
3.4. Signal Transduction Inhibitors
3.4.1. Multikinase
3.4.2. VEGF
3.4.3. EGFR
3.4.4. BRAF and MEK1/2
3.5. Antimetabolites
3.5.1. Purine Analogs
3.5.2. Pyrimidine Analogs
4. Preclinical Test
4.1. In Vivo Test for the Preclinical Assessment
4.2. In Vitro Test for the Preclinical Drug Assessment
4.3. The T-Cell Priming Assay
4.4. Myeloid U937 Skin Sensitization Test (MUSST)
4.5. The Human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT)
4.6. IL-8 Luc Assay
4.7. The THP-1 Activation Assay
4.8. Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA)
4.9. KeratinoSens
5. Preclinical Assays to Detect Antineoplastic-Mediated-DTH
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hypersensitivity Reaction | Type | Immune Mediators |
---|---|---|
Immediate | Type I | IgE mediated |
Cytotoxic | Type II | IgG/IgM mediated |
Immune complex | Type III | Immune complex mediated |
Delayed type | Type Iva | Th1 cell-mediated macrophage activation |
Type IVb | Th2-cell-mediated eosinophilic inflammation | |
Type IVc | Cytotoxic T cell mediated | |
Type IVd | T-cell-mediated neutrophilic inflammation |
Mechanism of Action | Subgroup | Causative Drug | Clinical Manifestations of DTH | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alkylating agents | Mustard gas derivates | Chlorambucil | DRESS | [18,28] |
TEN | [29,30,31] | |||
Maculo-papular eruption and erythroderma | [32,33,34] | |||
Metal salts | Carboplatin | Rash and hands/palmar itching | [35] | |
Antitumor antibiotics | Anthracyclines | Doxorubicin | TEN | [36] |
Non-anthracyclines | Bleomycin | SJS | [37,38] | |
Spindle inhibitors | Taxanes | Docetaxel | SJS | [39,40,41,42] |
Paclitaxel | SJS | [43] | ||
Topoisomerases inhibitors | Etoposide | SJS | [44] | |
Topotecan | SS | [45] | ||
Signal transduction inhibitors | Multikinases | Imatinib | Maculopapular eruptions | [46] |
SJS | [47,48,49,50,51] | |||
SS | [25] | |||
DRESS | [52,53,54,55,56,57] | |||
TEN | [58] | |||
Nilotinib | SS | [59] | ||
Dasatinib | SS | [25] | ||
VEGF | Sunitinib | SJS | [60] | |
Maculopapular eruptions | [61] | |||
Sorafenib | SJS | [62,63,64,65,66] | ||
Erythema multiforme | [19,67,68,69,70] | |||
Maculopapular eruptions | [71] | |||
Regorafenib | SJS | [72] | ||
Bevacizumab | Rash | [73] | ||
EGFR | Afatinib | SJS/TEN | [74,75] | |
Erlotinib | SJS/TEN | [76] | ||
Gefitinib | SJS/TEN | [77,78] | ||
Cetuximab | SJS/TEN | [79,80,81,82] | ||
BRAF | Vemurafenib | SJS/TEN | [83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90] | |
DRESS | [83,91,92,93,94,95,96] | |||
SS | [97,98] | |||
Dabrafenib | DRESS | [83] | ||
SS | [99] | |||
MEK1/2 | Cobimetinib | SJS/TEN | [83] | |
Trametinib | SS | [99] | ||
Antimetabolites | Purine analogs | Cladribine | SJS/TEN | [100] |
Flurabine | SJS | [101] | ||
Pyrimidine analogs | Capecitabine | SJS | [102] | |
SS | [103] | |||
Gemcitabine | SJS/TEN | [104,105,106] | ||
SS | [107] | |||
Cytarabne | SJSTEN | [108,109] | ||
Azacitidine | SS | [110,111] |
Test | Cells | Marker | Assay |
---|---|---|---|
T-cell priming assay | Naïve T cells and MoDC | IFN-γ and TNF-α | Flow cytometry |
h-CLAT | THP1 | Cd54 and cd86 expression and viability | Flow cytometry |
MUSST | U937 | CD86 | Flow cytometry |
IL-8 Luc assay | THP-1-derived IL-8 reporter cell line | IL-8 | Luminescence |
THP-1 activation assay | THP1 | IL-8, CD86 and CD54 | Flow cytometry and ELISA |
DPRA | cell-free | protein reactivity | HPLC |
KeratinoSens | KeratinoSensTM cell line (keratinocytes) | Viability and Nrf2 activation | MTT and luminescence |
Type of Preclinical Test | Test | Drugs Tested |
---|---|---|
In vivo | Guinea pig model | Bleomycin [165] |
In vitro | h-CLAT | Docetaxel [161], paclitaxel [161], imatinib [161], nilotinib [161], dasatinib [161], sunitinib [161], sorafenib [161], regorafenib [161], bevacizumab [161] |
DPRA | Docetaxel [161], paclitaxel [161], imatinib [161], nilotinib [161], dasatinib [161], sunitinib [161], sorafenib [161], regorafenib [161], bevacizumab [161] | |
KeratinoSens | Docetaxel [161], paclitaxel [161], imatinib [161], nilotinib [161], dasatinib [161], sunitinib [161], sorafenib [161], regorafenib [161], bevacizumab [161] |
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Roger, I.; Montero, P.; Pérez-Leal, M.; Milara, J.; Cortijo, J. Evaluation of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Antineoplastic Drugs—An Overview. Cancers 2023, 15, 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041208
Roger I, Montero P, Pérez-Leal M, Milara J, Cortijo J. Evaluation of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Antineoplastic Drugs—An Overview. Cancers. 2023; 15(4):1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041208
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoger, Inés, Paula Montero, Martín Pérez-Leal, Javier Milara, and Julio Cortijo. 2023. "Evaluation of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Antineoplastic Drugs—An Overview" Cancers 15, no. 4: 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041208