Unraveling the Peculiar Features of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in Prostate Cancer
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Cancer Cells
1.2. Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cancer Cells
2. Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in PCa
2.1. Mitochondrial Metabolism
2.1.1. Metabolic Rewiring
2.1.2. The AR-Mitochondria Axis
2.1.3. mtDNA Mutations
2.2. Mitochondrial Dynamics
3. Targeting Mitochondrial Reprogramming and Dynamics in PCa
Drug | Therapy Class | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|
Docetaxel + ADT | Taxane drugs + GnRH analogs | Inhibition of TCA cycle; decrease of the GSH/GSSG ratio; downregulation of glutamine | [221] |
Metformin, phenformin canagliflozin | Antidiabetic (type 2 diabetes) drugs | Inhibition of ETC complex I; decreased O2 consumption; AMPK activation; suppression of the OXPHOS pathway and ATP production; upregulation of ROS levels | [31,52,167,177,229,236,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251] |
Amiodarone | Class III antiarrythmic drugs | Inhibition of ETC complex I and II; suppression of ATP production | [260] |
IACS-010759, CB-839 | Small molecule inhibitors | Inhibition of ETC complex I; inhibition of mitochondrial glutaminase and glutamate supply to the TCA cycle; decreased OXPHOS pathway | [179] |
Pd(II)COS@GbA | Pd(II) anticancer complexes | Inhibition of ETC complex V (ATP synthase); suppression of ATP production; mitochondrial fission | [262] |
Doxycycline, azithromycin, tigecycline, pyrvinium pamoate, chloramphenicol | Antibiotics | Inhibition of the OXPHOS pathway and mitochondrial respiration; dysregulations of ETC complexes; suppression of ATP production; impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis | [176,264,265,266,267] |
Buforin IIb | Antimicrobial peptides | Inhibition of glycolysis and ATP production | [268] |
Vitamin E-derived tocotrienols, curcumin, resveratrol, triterpenoids, sulforaphane, phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), silibinin, atpenin A5 analogs, jasmonates, alternol | Natural antioxidants | Reduced O2 consumption, ETC protein (complexes COI-V) levels and activity; suppression of the OXPHOS pathway and ATP production; decreased glycolytic pathway; AMPK activation; altered Ca2+/ROS homeostasis; mitochondrial fission, mitophagy | [78,180,261,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301,302,303,304,305,306] |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fontana, F.; Anselmi, M.; Limonta, P. Unraveling the Peculiar Features of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in Prostate Cancer. Cancers 2023, 15, 1192. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041192
Fontana F, Anselmi M, Limonta P. Unraveling the Peculiar Features of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in Prostate Cancer. Cancers. 2023; 15(4):1192. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041192
Chicago/Turabian StyleFontana, Fabrizio, Martina Anselmi, and Patrizia Limonta. 2023. "Unraveling the Peculiar Features of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in Prostate Cancer" Cancers 15, no. 4: 1192. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041192