Incidence of ‘Low-Risk but Not No-Risk’ Features of Cancer Prior to High-Risk Feature Occurrence: An Observational Cohort Study in Primary Care
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Setting, and Sample Selection
2.2. Identification of Features
2.3. Identification of Participants Meeting Criteria
2.4. Analysis
2.5. Patient and Public Involvement
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Numbers of Patients with Low-Risk Features Prior to High-Risk Features
3.3. Length of Time Prior to High-Risk Features That Patients Present with Low-Risk Features
4. Discussion
4.1. Heterogeneity across Cancer Sites
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
4.3. Implications for Policy and Practice
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sheet | Title |
S1 | Information |
S2 | all sites summary |
S3 | all sites by time |
S4 | all features prevalence |
S5 | features prevalence 2–2.99 |
S6 | features prevalence 1–1.99 |
S7 | bladder summary |
S8 | bladder by time |
S9 | bladder by feature |
S10 | breast summary |
S11 | breast by time |
S12 | breast by feature |
S13 | colorectal summary |
S14 | colorectal by time |
S15 | colorectal by feature |
S16 | endometrium summary |
S17 | endometrium by time |
S18 | endometrium by feature |
S19 | kidney summary |
S20 | kidney by time |
S21 | kidney by feature |
S22 | larynx summary |
S23 | larynx by time |
S24 | larynx by feature |
S25 | lung summary |
S26 | lung by time |
S27 | lung by feature |
S28 | ovary summary |
S29 | ovary by time |
S30 | ovary by feature |
S31 | pancreas summary |
S32 | pancreas by time |
S33 | pancreas by feature |
S34 | prostate summary |
S35 | prostate by time |
S36 | prostate by feature |
S37 | upperGI summary |
S38 | upperGI by time |
S39 | upperGI by feature |
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Whole Sample | Patients Presenting with Features with PPV ≥ 3% for Cancer in 2016 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Category (Years) | Male (n (%)) | Female (n (%)) | Total | Male (n (%)) | Female (n (%)) | Total |
40–49 | 19,900 (50.6) | 19,434 (49.4) | 39,334 | 173 (13.9) | 1071 (86.1) | 1244 |
50–59 | 20,003 (51.1) | 19,149 (48.9) | 39,152 | 342 (25.2) | 1014 (74.8) | 1356 |
60–69 | 15,584 (49.5) | 15,924 (50.5) | 31,508 | 575 (37.6) | 954 (62.4) | 1529 |
70–79 | 11,020 (47.5) | 12,177 (52.5) | 23,917 | 561 (35.4) | 1024 (64.6) | 1585 |
≥80 | 7136 (40.2) | 10,594 (59.8) | 17,730 | 432 (31.0) | 962 (69.0) | 1394 |
Total | 73,643 (48.8) | 77,278 (51.2) | 150,921 | 2083 (29.3) | 5025 (70.7) | 7108 |
Cancer Site | Number of Participants with Feature ≥3% in 2016 | Number (%, 95% Confidence Interval) of Participants with Feature ≥ 3% in 2016 Who Also Had a 2–2.99% Symptom in the Preceding Year | Number (%, 95% Confidence Interval) of Participants with Feature ≥ 3% in 2016 Who also Had a 1–1.99% Symptom in the Preceding Year | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % (95% CI) | Number | % (95% CI) | ||
Bladder | 252 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 6.0 (3.4 to 9.6) |
Breast | 321 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1.6 (0.5 to 3.6) |
Colorectal | 5273 | 244 | 4.6 (4.1 to 5.2) | 878 | 16.7 (15.7 to 17.7) |
Endometrium | 110 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kidney | 263 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 5.7 (3.2 to 9.2) |
Larynx | 155 | 14 | 9.0 (5.0 to 14.7) | 0 | 0 |
Lung | 818 | 21 | 2.6 (1.6 to 3.9) | 148 | 18.1 (15.5 to 20.9) |
Ovary | 160 | 8 | 5.0 (2.2 to 9.6) | 0 | 0 |
Pancreas | 78 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.6 (0.3 to 9.0) |
Prostate | 974 | 76 | 7.8 (6.2 to 9.7) | 19 | 2.0 (1.2 to 3.0) |
Oesophago-gastric | 212 | 2 | 0.9 (0.1 to 3.4) | 65 | 30.7 (24.5 to 37.3) |
Total | 8616 | 365 | 4.2 (3.8 to 4.7) | 1147 | 13.3 (12.6 to 14.0) |
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Moore, S.F.; Price, S.J.; Bostock, J.; Neal, R.D.; Hamilton, W. Incidence of ‘Low-Risk but Not No-Risk’ Features of Cancer Prior to High-Risk Feature Occurrence: An Observational Cohort Study in Primary Care. Cancers 2023, 15, 3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153936
Moore SF, Price SJ, Bostock J, Neal RD, Hamilton W. Incidence of ‘Low-Risk but Not No-Risk’ Features of Cancer Prior to High-Risk Feature Occurrence: An Observational Cohort Study in Primary Care. Cancers. 2023; 15(15):3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153936
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoore, Sarah F., Sarah J. Price, Jennifer Bostock, Richard D. Neal, and Willie Hamilton. 2023. "Incidence of ‘Low-Risk but Not No-Risk’ Features of Cancer Prior to High-Risk Feature Occurrence: An Observational Cohort Study in Primary Care" Cancers 15, no. 15: 3936. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153936