A Subset of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Pemetrexed Show ¹⁸F-Fluorothymidine “Flare” on Positron Emission Tomography

Simple Summary

Thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitors have remained among the most effective chemotherapies used in the treatment of various cancer types. Imaging of tumour proliferative activity while on antifolates has been studied with 3′-deoxy-3′-[¹⁸F]fluorothymidine positron emission tomography (¹⁸F-FLT PET) imaging. The aim of this study was to use ¹⁸F-FLT PET/CT imaging to understand the basis of early drug action with the antifolate drug pemetrexed on TS inhibition. While every patient showed a global change in the plasma marker of TS inhibition after drug administration, tumour TS inhibition was selective and patients who showed a tumour change in the imaging biomarker had a greater therapy response and longer overall survival following a combination treatment including pemetrexed. The study findings implicate the potential use of ¹⁸F-FLT PET/CT to understand the basis of drug action in other studies involving TS inhibitors.

Abstract

Thymidylate synthase (TS) remains a major target for cancer therapy. TS inhibition elicits increases in DNA salvage pathway activity, detected as a transient compensatory “flare” in 3′-deoxy-3′-[¹⁸F]fluorothymidine positron emission tomography (¹⁸F-FLT PET). We determined the magnitude of the ¹⁸F-FLT flare in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with the antifolate pemetrexed in relation to clinical outcome. Method: Twenty-one patients with advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) scheduled to receive palliative pemetrexed ± platinum-based chemotherapy underwent ¹⁸F-FLT PET at baseline and 4 h after initiating single-agent pemetrexed. Plasma deoxyuridine (dUrd) levels and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) activity were measured before each scan. Patients were then treated with the combination therapy. The ¹⁸F-FLT PET variables were compared to RECIST 1.1 and overall survival (OS). Results: Nineteen patients had evaluable PET scans at both time points. A total of 32% (6/19) of patients showed ¹⁸F-FLT flares (>20% change in SUVmax-wsum). At the lesion level, only one patient had an FLT flare in all the lesions above (test–retest borders). The remaining had varied uptake. An ¹⁸F-FLT flare occurred in all lesions in 1 patient, while another patient had an ¹⁸F-FLT reduction in all lesions; 17 patients showed varied lesion uptake. All patients showed global TS inhibition reflected in plasma dUrd levels (p < 0.001) and ¹⁸F-FLT flares of TS-responsive normal tissues including small bowel and bone marrow (p = 0.004 each). Notably, 83% (5/6) of patients who exhibited ¹⁸F-FLT flares were also RECIST responders with a median OS of 31 m, unlike patients who did not exhibit ¹⁸F-FLT flares (15 m). Baseline plasma TK1 was prognostic of survival but its activity remained unchanged following treatment. Conclusions: The better radiological response and longer survival observed in patients with an ¹⁸F-FLT flare suggest the efficacy of the tracer as an indicator of the early therapeutic response to pemetrexed in NSCLC.

1. Introduction

Lung cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death [1]. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all lung cancers. In the changing landscape of treatments, platinum-based combination therapies with pemetrexed continue to be the standard of care along with immunotherapy [2,3], and patient selection for pemetrexed maintenance in the chemo-immunotherapy era remains an important question. Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a critical enzyme for DNA replication catalysing the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Since the 1940s, inhibitors of thymidine biosynthesis and TS, including classical and non-classical TS inhibitors, have remained among the most effective chemotherapies used in the treatment of various cancer types [4]. Pemetrexed is a multi-targeted antifolate anti-cancer agent that inhibits TS, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase (GARFT) [5,6]. At least two aspects of TS research seek to use tumour biomarkers to predict response. The first involves determining the pharmacodynamics of new TS inhibitors, including α-folate-targeted TS inhibitors [7], nucleoside transporter-independent TS inhibitors [8], and new screening hits [9]. The other involves future efforts directed at optimising efficacy through understanding and modulating target enzyme expression/activity, including post-translational modification of the enzyme via O-GlcNAcylation [10]. Selective imaging of tumour tissue TS inhibition, together with information on enzyme inhibition in diverse TS-responsive healthy tissues, will enable a therapeutic index to be predicted.

The imaging of tumour proliferative activity has been studied with 3′-deoxy-3′-[¹⁸F]fluorothymidine (¹⁸F-FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) scans in various tumour types including NSCLC [11]. Beyond proliferation imaging, we previously demonstrated that tumour cells can translocate the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) to the cell membrane within minutes to hours in response to TS inhibition, allowing increased uptake of thymidine nucleosides—including ¹⁸F-FLT—via the salvage pathway for their activation by thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), resulting in a transient “flare” response [12]. Such changes are concomitant with the block in the utilisation of nucleosides following TS inhibition, leading to increases in deoxyuridine (dUrd) [12]. The inhibition of TS is associated with the accumulation of precursors of the de novo thymidine monophosphate synthesis pathway, including dUrd which can diffuse into plasma. This has enabled the use of the change in plasma dUrd concentration as a surrogate biomarker of TS inhibition [13]. The use of nucleosides such as ¹⁸F-FLT to detect TS inhibition is only possible during early “on-drug” pharmacodynamics assessment [14], as decreases in ¹⁸F-FLT resulting from decreased proliferation could occur over time. Appropriate timing of an ¹⁸F-FLT PET after the administration of pemetrexed is a clinical unknown. In translating our understanding from preclinical studies, a pilot study performed in patients with breast cancer by our group using the TS inhibitor capecitabine demonstrated increased uptake in tumour lesions, compared to baseline, at 1 h after initiating treatment, demonstrating feasibility for the approach in humans [15]. Furthermore, ¹⁸F-FLT flare effects have been reported in mouse models of cancer for the TS inhibitors plevitrexed and BGC945/CT900 at 4 and 24 h, respectively [14]. A clinical study of CT900 in seven patients showed increases in ¹⁸F-FLT tumour uptake at 16–24 h [7]. Initial studies of pemetrexed at 4 h also showed flare effects; however, the patient-level tumour ¹⁸F-FLT flare was unrelated to clinical outcome [16].

In view of the potential utility that a clinical TS inhibitor imaging assay will provide the research community, we conducted a detailed lesion assessment of ¹⁸F-FLT flares to investigate whether the TS inhibitor pharmacodynamic imaging technique is a reliable early predictor of treatment response and survival in NSCLC patients scheduled for treatment with pemetrexed ± platinum, using the timing informed by our preclinical studies [14] and initial clinical studies [16]. This study represents the first analytical approach that shows all lesions within a patient as a weighted sum variable.

2. Study Design

2.1. Patients

We studied twenty-one patients attending oncology clinics at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and the Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, over a period of 3 years (2011–2014). All patients included were aged ≥18 years, of good performance status (ECOG 0–2), and had clinically acceptable blood parameters and tumour molecular analysis results collected from that performed for routine clinical care. All had at least one measurable site of disease ≥2 cm (primary tumour or lymph node) and were scheduled for treatment with pemetrexed ± platinum. Ethical approval was granted for this study by the Hammersmith Hospital Research Ethics Committee (10/H1109/40) and the administration of radioactivity was approved by the Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC). All patients provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Baseline ¹⁸F-FLT PET scans were obtained within one week before the start of treatment with pemetrexed followed by a similar scan conducted approximately 4 h after the first therapeutic pemetrexed dose (500 mg/m²). Combination therapy with either cisplatin or carboplatin was given the following day to avoid interference with ¹⁸F-FLT uptake. Patients continued to receive the chemotherapy schedule as per the standard of care of 3 weekly cycles.

2.2. PET Protocol

The ¹⁸F-FLT used in this study was manufactured according to standard protocols. All patients were scanned on a Siemens Biograph 64-slice PET/CT scanner. All patients received a single bolus intravenous injection of ¹⁸F-FLT (mean: 208 (range 150–238) MBq) over 30 s, followed by dynamic single-bed list mode acquisition (thoracic/abdominal to cover the primary tumour, regional lymph nodes, and liver) for 66 min, and a whole-body scan (vertex to thighs) for 30 min commencing at approximately 90 min after radiotracer injection. These were each preceded by a CT scan (50 mA, 110 kVp, 0.8 pitch, 0.6 s/rotation) for both attenuation correction and co-registration with PET images to allow good anatomical visualisation and localisation of ¹⁸F-FLT activity. Raw PET data were corrected for scatter and attenuation and reconstructed with an iterative algorithm using ordered subset expectation maximisation reconstruction with 8 iterations and 16 subsets. The data were binned into time frames as follows: 1 × 30 (background), 6 × 10, 4 × 20, 4 × 30, 5 × 120, 4 × 180, and 4 × 600 s.

2.3. PET Analysis

Volumes of interest (VOIs) were defined on a Hermes workstation (Hermes Diagnostics, Stockholm, Sweden) by a single experienced observer (TDB, 20 years’ experience) around tumour index lesions and normal background organs. VOIs were drawn on sites of identifiable tumour uptake >20 mm size using a semiautomatic threshold technique, with 40% of the SUVmax threshold with manual adjustment if required. SUV40% is a routinely used auto-segmentation adaptive threshold target delineation method in semi-quantitative PET analysis and available on commercial software platforms such as that used here (Hermes Gold3; Hermes Medical Solutions Ltd., London, UK). The method has been shown to be robust in phantom studies [17]. Mean and maximum voxel standardised uptake values (SUVs) were determined at 60 min normalised to body weight (SUV60_mean and SUV60_max) on baseline and post-treatment ¹⁸F-FLT PET/CT studies. The percentage change in SUV in both SUV_mean and SUV_max was then calculated for each target lesion visible on baseline imaging as follows:

ΔSUV_max = 100 × SUV_max(PET2) – SUV_max(PET1)/SUV_max(PET1)

In addition, mean SUVs corrected for bodyweight were calculated for normal background non-tumour reference tissues: 3 cm VOI liver, small bowel and lung; 2 cm VOI mediastinal blood pool, bone marrow.

To obtain a measure of the combined uptake in all lesions within a patient, we calculated the ΔSUV_max variable as the weighted sum of the ΔSUV_max values in all lesions according to Equation (1).

ΔSUV_max wsum = Σi (wi × ΔSUV_max i)/Σi wi with i = [1, N]…

(1)

with N = number of lesions.

In the equation above, wi is the weight relative to the i-th lesion (with a ΔSUV_max = ΔSUV_max i). Weights were proportional to the uptake of the lesion (e.g., w = 1 for the hottest lesion). The sum-weighted PET variable was used to depict patient-level disease burden with which to correlate patient-level variables (plasma dUrd levels and plasma TK1 activity).

The patients’ standard imaging contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) scans were evaluated by one experienced observer blinded to the PET data (N.S., 10 years’ experience) to assess response by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours version 1.1 RECIST1.1 [18].

The repeatability of quantitative uptake measures with the ¹⁸F- fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) PET that has been integrated into the response assessment criteria Positron Emission Tomography Response Criteria in Solid Tumours (PERCIST) [19], as well as that of ¹⁸F-FLT, is deemed to be about 20% [20,21,22]. To assess the true change in tumour uptake at the patient level, we used a cut-off 20%, i.e., patients with an increase >20% were deemed to have an ¹⁸F-FLT flare [20,21,22].

2.4. Analysis of Plasma Thymidine Kinase 1 (Plasma TK1) and Plasma Deoxy Uridine (Plasma dUrd)

Plasma samples for TK1 and dUrd were collected at the baseline scan visit, 4 h after the administration of pemetrexed, and prior to the injection of the ¹⁸F-FLT radiotracer. Plasma TK1 activity was determined via the DiviTum Tka assay [23], a refined ELISA-based method, at Biovica laboratories (Uppsala, Sweden). Analysis was blinded. The working range of the assay is 100–2000 Du; the coefficient of variation (CV) is <20% at 100 DuL. Durd (ng/mL) was measured using a validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS) assay [24] under contract by the Kymos group (Barcelona, Spain). The method was validated in the range of 5 to 400 nM for 2′-deoxyuridine. The lower limit of quantification was set at 5 nM.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 8.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) and SPSS for Mac version 27 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Radiotracer uptake was determined at the patient level (n = 19) and median percentage differences in SUV_mean and SUV_max were determined at the lesion level (n = 61). The statistical analysis to determine changes and compare groups consisted of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and paired t-test. The association between PET parameters, plasma TK1, and plasma dUrd were determined by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval; two-tailed); p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. The differences in ¹⁸F-FLT uptake were correlated with clinical outcome measured as tumour response. Response was evaluated according to RECIST 1.1. TTP and OS were calculated at a median of 10 years of follow up. The median value for time to tumour progression (TTP, defined as date of treatment start to date of disease progression) and overall survival (OS, defined as date of diagnosis to date of death) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and p-values were derived with the log rank test.

3. Results

3.1. Demographics

Twenty-one NSCLC patients with Stage III and IV disease were included in the study (

Table 1. Baseline patient characteristics for all twenty-one patients with NSCLC enrolled in the study.

Demographics	N	(%)
Median age	62	38–78 (IQR)
Gender
Male	9	(43)
Female	12	(57)
Race
Caucasian	18	(86)
Asian	2	(9.5)
African	1	(5)
Smoking History
Non-smoker	5	(24)
Ex-smoker	8	(38)
Smoking at time of diagnosis	8	(38)
Clinical
ECOG PS
0	3	(14)
2	3	(14)
1	15	(72)
Histology
Genetic Alterations
Nil reported	13	(62)
KRAS codon 61	1	(5)
KRAS G12V	1	(5)
ALK fusions	2	(10)
EGFR ex 19 del, T790M	3	(14)
EGFR L858R	1	(5)
TTF1
Negative	2	(10)
Positive	19	(1)
Chemotherapy
Cisplatin + pemetrexed	12	(57)
Carboplatin + pemetrexed	9	(43)
Prior local therapies	3	(14)

Note: data are presented as N(IQR) or N(%). Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile.

). All patients tolerated the PET scanning protocol, and none reported adverse events due to the study imaging intervention. The median age was 62 years (range 38–78) and nine patients (43%) were male. Twenty patients were chemotherapy naïve and one patient had prior treatment with gefitinib. Three patients had prior radiotherapy targeted on the index lesions which were classified by the RECIST criteria. After study enrolment, nine patients received pemetrexed in combination with carboplatin, twelve with cisplatin combination, and four continued on pemetrexed maintenance monotherapy per routine clinical decision making. Of the 21 patients recruited to the study, 19 had both ¹⁸F-FLT PET static scans for analysis. Two patients were not evaluable for dynamic scan results due to technical issues with the PET scanner and two patients withdrew consent after the first scan (Figure 1A).

We analysed the ¹⁸F-FLT uptake in individual tumour lesions (primary and metastatic lymph nodes, n = 61 lesions). Figure 1B,C show an example of ¹⁸F-FLT PET/CT scans of two patients with increased ¹⁸F-FLT uptake and another patient with decreased uptake before and after pemetrexed administration.

The SUV differences for individual lesions are shown in Figure 2A,B. We found no differences in the overall change in radiotracer uptake at the patient level. The median percentage differences of SUV_mean and SUV_max in all tumour lesions combined increased by 0.02% and 8%, respectively.

On the contrary, there was a flare effect at the lesion level. Based on the ∆SUV_max-wsum, 32% (6/19) of patients showed a significantly increased ¹⁸F-FLT tumour uptake 4 h after therapy compared with baseline (beyond test–retest borders of 20%) [20,22]. In the remaining thirteen patients, the change in ¹⁸F-FLT uptake was within the test–retest variability <20%. No additional significant change in SUV_max was seen in the dynamic images as estimated at the 60:1 min and 60:5 min time points (Supplementary Figure S1).

In the lesion-level analysis, 1 patient had ¹⁸F-FLT uptake increased in all the individual lesions at 4 h after pemetrexed, 1 patient had a decrease in all lesions, and the remaining 17 patients had varied uptake among the individual lesions (Figure 2B).

3.2. Analysis by Plasma dUrd

A global change in plasma dUrd levels was detected between the two time points (Figure 2C). The baseline plasma dUrd had a median of 37.7 ± 9.31 ng/mL. At 4 h after administration of pemetrexed, plasma dUrd levels significantly rose in all patients (median of 96.0, p < 0.001) (Figure 2C). No significant difference was seen with FLT flare (Figure 2D) and no correlation was found between the ∆plasma dUrd and ∆SUV_max (Figure 2F).

3.3. Clinical Outcome

The RECIST-defined response comparing the baseline CT to the 9-week follow-up CT demonstrated a partial response in 4 patients, stable disease in 11, and progressive disease in 4. No association was noted between treatment response and baseline SUV_mean and SUV_max. Of the six patients who had an ¹⁸F-FLT flare above the threshold, five were classified as (RECIST) responders (Figure 3A,B). The ∆SUV_max was not related to RECIST response (p = 0.230).

Median TTP and OS were 5.1 m (range 1.1–26.0 m) and 17.7 m (range 0.9–94.0) for the entire group of patients (n = 21). The median OS in the patients with ¹⁸F-FLT flares (n = 6) was 31.0 m, unlike the group without ¹⁸F-FLT flares (<20%, n = 13) (median OS, 15.0 m) (Figure 3C). The ∆SUV_max was not associated with survival (p = 0.152) (Table S1). Interestingly, patients who showed response on RECIST also had a higher plasma dUrd change, indicating effective global TS inhibition (Figure 2E).

3.4. Pemetrexed Increased ¹⁸F-FLT Uptake in TS-Responsive Healthy Tissues

A flare effect was also observed in TS-responsive normal tissue, as shown by the SUV_mean and SUV_max in Figure 4A. Both bowel tissue and bone marrow have physiologically high rates of cell turnover and are TS responsive [12,14]. The median SUV_max and SUV_mean for background bowel tissue were 2.7 and 1.9 for baseline and increased to 4.12 and 2.83 at 4 h, which was statistically significant (p = 0.004 and 0.004, respectively). The median SUV_max and SUV_mean for background bone marrow were 9.2 and 6.5 at baseline and increased to 14.5 and 9.16 at 4 h, which was also statistically significant (p = 0.004 and 0.005, respectively), in keeping with the previous studies [14,16]. There was decreased ¹⁸F-FLT uptake in background liver tissue and no change in the ¹⁸F-FLT uptake in normal lung tissue (Figure 4B). The uptake in normal tissue together with lesion changes paralleled systemic changes in dUrd. Of note, the magnitude of SUV variables in TS-responsive tissues at baseline was found to be higher in the tumour flare group (>20%) compared to those without flares (<20%) (Figure S2). We do not understand the basis for this.

3.5. Plasma TK1 Activity Is Unchanged with Pemetrexed Treatment

We considered if the increase in tissue ¹⁸F-FLT could be explained in part by increases in TK1 activity. To examine the role of TK1 in ¹⁸F-FLT flares, we measured plasma TK1 activity before and after treatment with pemetrexed. The baseline plasma TK1 activity showed a wide range of values (range 99–2000 DuA). No change in plasma TK1 activity was observed at 4 h after administration of pemetrexed (p = 0.6, paired t-test) (Figure 5A). No significant correlation was found between ∆plasma TK1 and ∆SUV_max-wsum (p = 0.546) (Figure 5B). Interestingly, however, baseline plasma TK1 activity correlated strongly with overall survival (68 m with plasma TK1 activity <105 DuA vs. 25 m in plasma activity >105 DuA, log rank p = 0.02), as seen in Figure 5C.

4. Discussion

Pemetrexed is used routinely with platinum-based chemotherapy in non-squamous lung cancer and thereafter as a first-line maintenance therapy. However, there is a dearth of predictive biomarkers that will help determine optimal patient selection for pemetrexed, especially in the era of immunotherapy where hepatic and renal toxicities from the immunotherapy–pemetrexed combination can be problematic and where chemotherapy treatment selection in the PD-L1 ≥ 50% subgroup remains imprecise, along with intrinsic and acquired treatment resistance to pemetrexed and the utility of future TS inhibitors under development. In the future, novel imaging biomarkers could also help decide which patients should be offered alternative therapies early, or which patients benefit little from pemetrexed, where an immune checkpoint inhibitor only based strategy may be preferred.

In this study, we have explored the activity of the thymidine salvage pathway in investigating early lesion pharmacodynamic response reflected in ¹⁸F-FLT flares with pemetrexed. We show that ¹⁸F-FLT PET flares occur in a subset of NSCLC patients undergoing treatment with pemetrexed ± platinum and that patients who demonstrate the ¹⁸F-FLT flare showed survival two times longer than those not showing a flare.

Prior studies by Kenny et al. showed that of the six patients with breast cancer who were treated with the TS inhibitor capecitabine, the ¹⁸F-FLT uptake kinetics increased at 1 h after treatment [15]. However, the study by Frings et al. with pemetrexed in NSCLC showed no association of increased ¹⁸F-FLT with outcome when patient-level flare was investigated [16]. Furthermore, they reported the increased uptake at 4 h post pemetrexed in two patients who showed an SUV_max increase (31% and 35%, respectively), whereas two other patients showed a 35% decrease in uptake [16]. One possibility for the positive outcome of our study compared to the outcome reported by Frings et al. is the investigation at an individual lesion level since we also did not identify overall patient-level changes. Whether further interventions for lesions that do not flare would lead to improved patient outcomes remains to be seen. Recently, Banerji et al. showed in a clinical study on ovarian cancer that a subset of patients who were treated with BCG945/CT400 (a novel alpha FR targeted TS inhibitor) and underwent pre- and post-treatment ¹⁸F-FLT PET scans had increases in ¹⁸F-FLT PET signals in the tumour tissue at 16–24 h post treatment, consistent with TS inhibition in tumour tissue [7]. The flare effect among patients was independent of the global increases in dUrd and flare of TS-responsive healthy tissues. Our data are consistent with that of Frings et al., demonstrating changes in TS-responsive healthy tissues and plasma dUrd in all patients [16].

Preclinical studies have shown that tumour-selective alpha-folate-targeted inhibitors only display flares in tumours, compared to TS inhibitors that target both the reduced folate carrier (RFC) and alpha folate transporters [14]. An increase in uptake is expected in responding patients if clinical response is mainly attributed to TS inhibition. Our study has further demonstrated that TS inhibition on target lesions is not uniform. Only six out of nineteen patients (32%) demonstrated an increased ¹⁸F-FLT uptake 4 h after administration of pemetrexed beyond test–retest boundaries (20% for SUV_max) for wsum in each patient. Five of the six (83%) patients with an increase in ∆SUV_max-wsum were responders measured with RECIST after 9 weeks. Of clinical relevance, patients who showed ¹⁸F-FLT flares had twice as long median OS (31 months versus 15 months). The data presented support the notion that an FLT flare may have clinical use as a biomarker, due to longer OS in the flare vs. non-flare groups, respectively (OS: 31 vs. 15).

The rationale for using the change in the weighted summed variable (∆SUV_max-wsum), by combining values from all the lesions in a weighted manner as an analytical method, was to reflect the aggregate flare response. This variable needs to be explored in future studies to evaluate the heterogeneity among multiple lesions.

No significant change in plasma TK1 was seen in the treatment within 4 h of pemetrexed. This is most likely since changes in plasma protein expression are unlikely to occur in a short time interval. Thus, the flare effect is unlikely to be due to changes in TK1 as this was not seen even in easily accessible blood. Our previous study further demonstrated the redistribution of ENT1 to the cell surface for the increased transport of thymidine into the cell to activate the TK1-catalysed salvage pathway [12]; we did not assess ENT1 levels, which are known to be redistributed to the cell surface [25]. Plasma TK1 has previously been shown to be a prognostic marker for survival as it is a reflection of the tumour burden [26,27,28] and was similarly demonstrated in our study independently of its effect on ¹⁸F-FLT uptake.

We demonstrated early effective TS inhibition with increased ¹⁸F-FLT uptake in the small bowel within 4 h of pemetrexed administration, in line with preclinical studies by Perumal et al. who also showed differential uptake with the use of selective and non-selective TS inhibitors [12]. The ¹⁸F-FLT uptake also increased in bone marrow, which is supported by the study from Frings et al., suggesting that bone marrow and the small bowel are possible surrogate tissues to assess sub-clinical toxicity from pemetrexed [16]. The decreased uptake in the liver despite the limited hepatic metabolism of pemetrexed is likely explained by the effect on glucuronidation [29]. A limitation of our study is the small number of patients analysed.

Overall, the magnitude of ¹⁸F-FLT flares detected among the subset of patients has the potential to be used in the future to develop new TS inhibitors, evaluate the effect of modulators [9,10], and to evaluate further strategies on the personalisation of pemetrexed–immunotherapy use in advanced non-squamous NSCLC.

5. Conclusions

Effective TS inhibition was seen at 4 h post pemetrexed in TS-responsive normal tissues and in tumours. The subset of patients who showed a tumour change in the imaging biomarker had better response and longer survival following a combination treatment with pemetrexed. This effect could be used to understand the basis of the drug action of TS inhibitors and modulators.