Methods for Evaluating the Efficacy of Medical Castration: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Evidence Acquisition
3. Evidence Synthesis
3.1. Serum Total Testosterone Measurement
3.1.1. Localised and Locally Advanced PCa
3.1.2. Metastatic PCa
3.1.3. Localised, Locally Advanced and Metastatic PCa
3.2. Serum-Free Testosterone Measurement
3.3. Serum LH Measurement
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patient Selection | Patient Selection | Index Test | Index Test | Reference | Flow and Timing | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author, Year | Selection Criteria Clearly Described | Clinical Data Available | Castration Threshold Pre-Specified | Serum Testosterone Measurement Method Specified | Reference Standard | Adequate Follow-Up |
Morote et al., 2007 [14] | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Perachino et al., 2009 [24] | + | + | ? | + | − | + |
Pickles et al., 2012 [25] | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Dason et al., 2013 [26] | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Bertaglia et al., 2013 [27] | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Yasuda et al., 2015 [28] | + | + | ? | + | − | + |
Klotz et al., 2015 [15] | + | + | + | − | + | + |
Kamada et al., 2015 [29] | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Shiota et al., 2016 [30] | + | + | ? | + | − | + |
Wang et al., 2017 [31] | + | + | ? | + | + | + |
Tombal et al., 2017 [32] | + | + | + | + | − | + |
Sayyid et al., 2017 [33] | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Yamamoto et al., 2017 [34] | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Ozyigit et al., 2019 [35] | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Tremblay et al., 2021 [36] | + | + | + | − | − | + |
Author, Year | nº Patients | Clinical Stage | Treatment Received | Follow-Up Method | Time of Determination (Months) | Measurement Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morote et al., 2007 [14] | 73 | 50 LA; 23 BR | 45 LH-RH; 28 MAB | ST | 6, 12, 18 | CLIA |
Perachino et al., 2009 [24] | 129 | M | LH-RH | ST | every 3 | CLIA |
Pickles et al., 2012 [25] | 2196 | L and LA | RT and LH-RH | ST | serial measurements (mean 2 months) | CLIA |
Dason et al., 2013 [26] | 32 | 14 M; 5 LA; 13 BR | LH-RH and LHRH-ant | ST | every 3 | CLIA |
Bertaglia et al., 2013 [27] | 153 | 51 M; 99 BR | LH-RH | ST | at 6 | CLIA |
Yasuda et al., 2015 [28] | 69 | M | MAB | ST | every 3–6 | CLIA |
Klotz et al., 2015 [15] | 626 | BR | LH-RH agonist | ST | every 2 (1 y) | non reported |
Kamada et al., 2015 [29] | 225 | 70 L; 51 LA; 104 M | MAB | ST | every 3 | CLIA |
Shiota et al., 2016 [30] | 96 | M | 9 LH-RH, 87 LH-RH + surgical castration | ST | 2 times (1–5) | CLIA |
Wang et al., 2017 [31] | 206 | M | LH-RH | ST | 1,3,6 | CLIA |
Tombal et al., 2017 [32] | 361 | LA + BR | LH-RH | ST | every 6 | CLIA |
Sayyid et al., 2017 [33] | 950 | L + LA + BR + M | LH-RH | ST | every 1–4 | CLIA |
Yamamoto et al., 2017 [34] | 222 | LA + M | LH-RH | ST | non reported | CLIA |
Ozyigit et al., 2019 [35] | 173 | L | RT and LH-RH | ST | every 3 (2 y); every 4 (3 and 4 y); every 6 (thereafter) | CLIA |
Tremblay et al., 2021 [36] | 678 | BR | LH-RH | ST | every 2 (2 y) | non reported |
Author, Year | PSA ng/mL | Threshold Value | Event | Aim | Summary |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Morote et al., 2007 [14] | 81.2 (mean) | <32 ng/dL | CR | CRFS | 32 ng/dL was the minimum level of ST with an impact on CRFS. If micro elevations > 50 ng/dL, using bicalutamide improved CRFS. |
Pickles et al., 2012 [25] | - | <20 ng/dL | ST ↑ | CRFS | Microelevations > 30–50 ng/dL predict 58% CRFS at five years. If there are no microdeletions, the CRFS rate increases to 78%. |
Klotz et al., 2015 [15] | - | <20 ng/dL | CR | CRFS, CSS | Nadir ST < 20 ng/dL showed higher CRFS and CSS rates. Microelevations >50 ng/dL are linked to lower rates of CRFS and CSS. |
Tombal et al., 2017 [32] | - | X | CR | CRFS, CSS | No differences in CSS and CRFS progression among the ≤20 ng/dL, >20 to ≤50 ng/dL, and >50 ng/dL testosterone-level subgroups. |
Ozyigit et al., 2019 [35] | 14 (median) | <20 ng/dL | BR | BRFS | Both <20 ng/mL and <50 ng/mL ST levels are valid for predicting BRFS. However, <20 ng/dL have significantly better BRFS compared to <50 ng/mL |
Tremblay et al., 2021 [36] | - | X | CR | CRFS, CSS, OS | ST > 20 ng/dL in the 1st year of ADT was observed to result in increases with rises >50 ng/dL. The number of ST breakthroughs had no association with CRPC, CSS or OS. |
Author, Year | PSA ng/mL | Threshold Value | Event | Aim | Summary |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perachino et al., 2009 [24] | 185.8 (mean) | - | Death | CSS | Lower levels of ST at 6 m after ADT, higher CSS |
Yasuda et al., 2015 [28] | 610 (mean) | - | CR | CRFS and OS | No prognostic impact in CRFS and OS of ST during MAB |
Shiota et al., 2016 [30] | 181.8 (mean) | - | CR | CRFS and OS | The lowest quartile of serum testosterone levels during ADT was a significant predictor of better OS and CRFS. |
Wang et al., 2017 [31] | 241 (median) | <25 ng/dL | CR | CRFS | ST ≤ 25 ng/dL after 1 m of ADT: best CRFS. ST 25 ng/dL after 1 m of ADT can distinguish patients who may benefit from adding docetaxel. |
Author, Year | PSA ng/mL | Threshold Value | Event | Aim | Summary |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dason et al., 2013 [26] | 70.8 (mean) | <32 ng/dL | CR | CRFS | Microelevations >50 ng/mL excluded. ST at 9 m < 32 ng/dL, better CRFS. Mean ST during the 1st year of ADT < 32 ng/dL better CRFS. |
Bertaglia et al., 2013 [27] | 21 (mean) | <30 ng/dL | CR | CRFS and OS | Differences only in M patients. ST at 6 m < 20 ng/dL higher OS. ST at 6 m < 20 vs. 20–50 vs. >50 ng/dL is related to CRFS. |
Kamada et al., 2015 [29] | 42.6 (mean) | <20 ng/dL | CR | CRFS and OS | Nadir ST during follow-up <20 ng/dL higher OS but not improves CRFS. |
Sayyid et al., 2017 [33] | 19.04 (median) | <20 ng/dL | CR | CRFS | Continuous ADT with initial ST < 20 ng/dL showed substantial long-term variations in ST, and lacked prognostic significance in CRPC progression. |
Yamamoto et al., 2017 [34] | 86.03 (median) 571.5 (mean) | <20 ng/dL | CR | CRFS and OS | Testosterone reduction >480 ng/dL and ST < 20 ng/dL and are prognostic factors for primary ADT in advanced PCa. |
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Aguilar, A.; Planas, J.; Trilla, E.; Morote, J. Methods for Evaluating the Efficacy of Medical Castration: A Systematic Review. Cancers 2023, 15, 3479. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15133479
Aguilar A, Planas J, Trilla E, Morote J. Methods for Evaluating the Efficacy of Medical Castration: A Systematic Review. Cancers. 2023; 15(13):3479. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15133479
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguilar, Adriana, Jacques Planas, Enrique Trilla, and Juan Morote. 2023. "Methods for Evaluating the Efficacy of Medical Castration: A Systematic Review" Cancers 15, no. 13: 3479. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15133479